 | Asbestos Overview and Handling Recommendations (GTZ, 1996) |
 |  | (introduction...) |
| | Acknowledgments |
| | Preface |
|  | Part I. Introduction |
| | 1. Introduction |
| | 2. Structure |
| | 3. Definition of terms |
| | Part II. Asbestos |
| | 1. Introductory part: Asbestos - Deposits, uses, types, characteristics |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 1.1 Types, deposits, and uses of Asbestos, chemical structure |
| | 1.2 Mineralogical and mechanical properties of Asbestos |
| | 1. 3 Analytical methods of determining Asbestos fibers |
| | 2. Legal regulations for the production, introduction to the market and use of Asbestos containing materials and Asbestos products |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 2.1 Federal Republic of Germany |
| | 2.2 Directives of the European Community |
| | 2.3 United States of America |
| | 2.4 Standards in other countries (incl. developing countries) |
| | 2. 5 International standards: International Labor Organization |
| | 3. Environmental aspects and health hazards due to Asbestos |
| | 3.1 Introduction |
| | 3.2 Asbestosis |
| | 3.3 Mesothelioma |
| | 3.4 Other health hazards |
| | 3.5 Risk determination |
| | 4. Application areas of Asbestos materials and Asbestos products |
| | 4. 1 Introduction |
| | 4.2 The meaning of composite fibrous materials |
| | 4.3 Asbestos in the building construction area |
| | 5. Occupational safety measures in handling Asbestos |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 5.1 Suitable fiber binding |
| | 5.2 Wet operations |
| | 5.3 Enclosure |
| | 5.4 Vacuuming of dust near the point of origin |
| | 5.5 Limiting the areas in which Asbestos dust may arise |
| | 5.6 Personal respiratory protection |
| | 5.7 Regular and thorough cleaning of workplaces |
| | 5.8 Dust-free waste collection and landfill disposal |
| | 6 Aspects of Asbestos abatement and disposal of Asbestos containing materials |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 6.1 Evaluation guidelines on the urgency of abatement |
| | 6.2 Asbestos abatement techniques |
| | 6.3 Disposal of Asbestos containing materials |
| | Part III. Asbestos substitutes |
| | 1. Technical requirements for Asbestos substitutes |
| | 2 Properties of typical Asbestos fiber substitutes - Overview |
| | 3 Fiber substitutes for Asbestos fibers in the building area |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 3.1 Non-textile fibers made of glass wool rock wool and mineral wool as well as ceramic wools |
| | 3.2 Wollastonite |
| | 3.3 Cellulose fibers |
| | 3.4 Polyacrylnitril |
| | 3.5 Polyvinylalcohol (PVA) |
| | 3.6 Polypropylene (PP) |
| | 3. 7 Summary |
| | 4 Fiber-free substitutes in construction area |
| | 4.1 Fiber-free substitutes in housing construction |
| | 4.2 Fiber-free substitutes in water mains construction |
| | Part IV Country analysis |
| | 1. Introduction |
| | 2 Asbestos in developing countries |
| | 3 Use and effects of Asbestos cements in developing countries |
| | 4 Country profiles |
| | 4.1 Australia |
| | 4.2 Chile |
| | 4.3 Republic of China |
| | 4.4 India |
| | 4.5 Israel |
| | 4.6 South Africa |
| | 4.7 Tunisia |
| | 4.8 USA |
| | 5 Summary |
| | 5.1 Economic Implication |
| | 5.2 Legislation |
| | 5.3 Research and Development |
| | 5.4 Substitutes |
| | 5.5 Risk philosophy |
| | Part V Development of handling recommendations |
| | 1. Introduction. |
| | 2 Overview of rules of other donor organizations and financial institutions on the management of Asbestos problems |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 2.1 World bank |
| | 2.2 International Asbestos association (IAA), Paris |
| | 2.3 European bank for reconstruction and development (EBRD), London |
| | 2.4 European investment bank (EIB) |
| | 2.5 International bank for reconstruction and development (IBRD) |
| | 2.6 Asian development bank Bangkok (ADB) - no guidelines |
| | 2.7 African development bank, Nairobi |
| | 2.8 UNEP - United Notions Environmental Program, Washington |
| | 3 Risk philosophy |
| | 4 Design of a catalogue of recommendations on the management of Asbestos in plans for joint developmental/political projects |
| | Part Vl Literature |
| | Part VII Annexes |
| | Annex 1: Maps on the deposits of Asbestos, Asbestos consumption and commercial trade of raw Asbestos |
| | Annex 2: Health and safety data sheet for Asbestos cement in UK |
| | Annex 3: Asbestos fiber emissions from particular processes |
| | Annex 4: US Federal Regulations for Asbestos |
| | Annex 5: Commercial names of Asbestos containing products |
| | Annex 6: Advantages and disadvantages of Asbestos abatement methods |
| | Annex 7: Asbestos data from the environmental handbook Vol. III: Compendium of environmental standards |
| | Annex 8: Questionnaire on country profiles regarding Asbestos |
1. Introduction
ERM Umwelt Consult Rhein-Main-Neckar GmbH (ERM, formerly ERL) was commissioned by the Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (gtz) mbH to perform an Asbestos study. A total of 1.5 FM was available for this assignment. The first phase of the project was completed in June 1992. In a second phase the main focus was placed on the use of Asbestos containing materials in the areas of housing and water mains construction, as well as on the available Asbestos substitutes in these areas. Furthermore, the use and handling of Asbestos should be more closely discussed on the basis of selected countries and donor organizations. The selection of the countries and donors was performed in collaboration with the contractor or the Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (KfW). External budgets were formed for the acquisition of information from the selected countries. For the performance of the second phase 2 FM were available.
The study "Asbestos" serves as an estimation of the risks resulting from the handling of Asbestos materials. The practices in mining and use of Asbestos containing materials in the developing countries (DC) should be given special attention. One goal of the study is the development of recommendations for handling the Asbestos problem for people involved in joint projects with developing countries. The study should also be helpful in practical use for better handling of the Asbestos problem in DC.
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