 | Asbestos Overview and Handling Recommendations (GTZ, 1996) |
 |  | (introduction...) |
| | Acknowledgments |
| | Preface |
|  | Part I. Introduction |
| | 1. Introduction |
| | 2. Structure |
| | 3. Definition of terms |
| | Part II. Asbestos |
| | 1. Introductory part: Asbestos - Deposits, uses, types, characteristics |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 1.1 Types, deposits, and uses of Asbestos, chemical structure |
| | 1.2 Mineralogical and mechanical properties of Asbestos |
| | 1. 3 Analytical methods of determining Asbestos fibers |
| | 2. Legal regulations for the production, introduction to the market and use of Asbestos containing materials and Asbestos products |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 2.1 Federal Republic of Germany |
| | 2.2 Directives of the European Community |
| | 2.3 United States of America |
| | 2.4 Standards in other countries (incl. developing countries) |
| | 2. 5 International standards: International Labor Organization |
| | 3. Environmental aspects and health hazards due to Asbestos |
| | 3.1 Introduction |
| | 3.2 Asbestosis |
| | 3.3 Mesothelioma |
| | 3.4 Other health hazards |
| | 3.5 Risk determination |
| | 4. Application areas of Asbestos materials and Asbestos products |
| | 4. 1 Introduction |
| | 4.2 The meaning of composite fibrous materials |
| | 4.3 Asbestos in the building construction area |
| | 5. Occupational safety measures in handling Asbestos |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 5.1 Suitable fiber binding |
| | 5.2 Wet operations |
| | 5.3 Enclosure |
| | 5.4 Vacuuming of dust near the point of origin |
| | 5.5 Limiting the areas in which Asbestos dust may arise |
| | 5.6 Personal respiratory protection |
| | 5.7 Regular and thorough cleaning of workplaces |
| | 5.8 Dust-free waste collection and landfill disposal |
| | 6 Aspects of Asbestos abatement and disposal of Asbestos containing materials |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 6.1 Evaluation guidelines on the urgency of abatement |
| | 6.2 Asbestos abatement techniques |
| | 6.3 Disposal of Asbestos containing materials |
| | Part III. Asbestos substitutes |
| | 1. Technical requirements for Asbestos substitutes |
| | 2 Properties of typical Asbestos fiber substitutes - Overview |
| | 3 Fiber substitutes for Asbestos fibers in the building area |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 3.1 Non-textile fibers made of glass wool rock wool and mineral wool as well as ceramic wools |
| | 3.2 Wollastonite |
| | 3.3 Cellulose fibers |
| | 3.4 Polyacrylnitril |
| | 3.5 Polyvinylalcohol (PVA) |
| | 3.6 Polypropylene (PP) |
| | 3. 7 Summary |
| | 4 Fiber-free substitutes in construction area |
| | 4.1 Fiber-free substitutes in housing construction |
| | 4.2 Fiber-free substitutes in water mains construction |
| | Part IV Country analysis |
| | 1. Introduction |
| | 2 Asbestos in developing countries |
| | 3 Use and effects of Asbestos cements in developing countries |
| | 4 Country profiles |
| | 4.1 Australia |
| | 4.2 Chile |
| | 4.3 Republic of China |
| | 4.4 India |
| | 4.5 Israel |
| | 4.6 South Africa |
| | 4.7 Tunisia |
| | 4.8 USA |
| | 5 Summary |
| | 5.1 Economic Implication |
| | 5.2 Legislation |
| | 5.3 Research and Development |
| | 5.4 Substitutes |
| | 5.5 Risk philosophy |
| | Part V Development of handling recommendations |
| | 1. Introduction. |
| | 2 Overview of rules of other donor organizations and financial institutions on the management of Asbestos problems |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 2.1 World bank |
| | 2.2 International Asbestos association (IAA), Paris |
| | 2.3 European bank for reconstruction and development (EBRD), London |
| | 2.4 European investment bank (EIB) |
| | 2.5 International bank for reconstruction and development (IBRD) |
| | 2.6 Asian development bank Bangkok (ADB) - no guidelines |
| | 2.7 African development bank, Nairobi |
| | 2.8 UNEP - United Notions Environmental Program, Washington |
| | 3 Risk philosophy |
| | 4 Design of a catalogue of recommendations on the management of Asbestos in plans for joint developmental/political projects |
| | Part Vl Literature |
| | Part VII Annexes |
| | Annex 1: Maps on the deposits of Asbestos, Asbestos consumption and commercial trade of raw Asbestos |
| | Annex 2: Health and safety data sheet for Asbestos cement in UK |
| | Annex 3: Asbestos fiber emissions from particular processes |
| | Annex 4: US Federal Regulations for Asbestos |
| | Annex 5: Commercial names of Asbestos containing products |
| | Annex 6: Advantages and disadvantages of Asbestos abatement methods |
| | Annex 7: Asbestos data from the environmental handbook Vol. III: Compendium of environmental standards |
| | Annex 8: Questionnaire on country profiles regarding Asbestos |
3. Definition of terms
Asbestos is a collective description for different naturally occurring fibrous minerals. The legislative definition describes Asbestos as a collective term for naturally occurring crystalline silicate with fibrous structure. The term "fiber" is defined by its geometry: fibers having a length > 5 km, a diameter < 3 km and a length/diameter ratio of at least 3:1. An important property of Asbestos materials is the continual splitting along their length down to the very smallest fibers.
Asbestos minerals are natural components of the Earth's crust. The name "Asbestos" originates from Greek and means "inextinguishable", whereby one of the material characteristics is mentioned which led to the great usefulness and industrial interest in this material.
The differentiation among Asbestos containing products is made between nonfriable and friable Asbestos:
|
nonfriable |
Asbestos cement or hard Asbestos with a gross density significantly higher than 1000 kg/m³ and an Asbestos percentage of 10 - 15 % (remainder is cement) |
|
friable |
Sprayed Asbestos/soft Asbestos with a gross density under 1000 kg/m³; ca. 60 % Asbestos powder, ca. 40 % cement |
Friable Asbestos can easily be released from the surface by hand. As of 1979, sprayed Asbestos has been prohibited in the Federal Republic of Germany, due to the associated health hazards. Asbestos cements were permitted to be manufactured until the end of 1993; about 70 % of the applied Asbestos amounts are fabricated into Asbestos cements.
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