Small Scale Processing of Oilfruits and Oilseeds (GTZ, 1989, 100 p.): 2. Target Groups and Technologies: 2.3 District level

Small Scale Processing of Oilfruits and Oilseeds (GTZ, 1989, 100 p.)

(introduction...)

Acknowledgements

Preface

0. Introduction

0.1 Economic aspects

0.2 Technical aspects

(introduction...)

0.2.1 Processes for oil fruits

0.2.2 Processes for oil seeds

0.3 Development potentials

1. Oil Plants and their Potential Use

1.1 Characteristics of vegetable fats and oils

1.2 The major oil plants

1.2.1 Oil palm

1.2.2 Coconut palm

1.2.3 Soyabean

1.2.4 Groundnut

1.2.5 Sunflower

1.2.6 Sesame

1.2.7 Rape and mustardseed

1.2.8 Other oil-yielding plants

1.3 By-products

1.4 Further processing

2. Target Groups and Technologies

2.1 Family level

(introduction...)

2.1.1 Oil palm fruit

2.1.2 Oil seeds

2.2 Village level

(introduction...)

2.2.1 Oil palm fruit

2.2.2 Oil seeds

2.3 District level

3. Case Studies

3.1 Shea nut processing by women in Mali

3.2 Hand-operated sunflowerseed processing in Zambia

3.3 Oil palm fruit processing as a women's activity in Togo

4. Financial Analysis of the Case Studies

(introduction...)

4.1 Shea nut processing in Mali

4.2 Sunflower seed processing in Zambia

4.3 Oil palm fruit processing in Togo

5. Selected Equipment

5.1 Hand-operated equipment

5.1.1 Hand-operated processing of palm fruit

5.1.2 Hand-operated processing of oil seeds

5.2 Motorized equipment

5.2.1 Motorized processing of oil palm fruit

5.2.2 Motorized processing of oil seeds

6. Ongoing Research and Development Work

Annex

2.3 District level

Oil processing at the district level (in the sense of a group of a few villages), offers interesting possibilities.

At this level, however, the technical performance of the equipment is only one side of the picture and, in fact, less problematic than the management of such a project. Important aspects include:

- the ability of the people concerned to organize themselves (in a cooperative or in a private business),
- the ability to handle funds,
- the ability to take care of the rawmaterial supply and
- the marketing of the products.

Nevertheless, centralization can contribute considerably to the feasibility of the more sophisticated technology as already described for the village level. For instance in the case of oil palm fruit processing, mechanized equipment, such as the TCC pounding machine and certainly the CALTECH and COLIN expellers, need to be well utilized owing to the high investments involved. Where the infrastructure is well developed and the distances not too far for economic transportation, a combination of the raw material resources of several villages and a centralized processing facility could be a realistic alternative to processing at the village level.

In that case, one could think of a well engineered unit, equipped with:

- steaming facilities for bunches and loose fruit
- threshing facilities
- a good quality expeller type press (such as the CALTECH or COLIN)
- clarification tank
- oil dryer.

In the case of oilseed processing, an expeller - often to be imported - could become a possibility, provided that technical prerequisites are fulfilled, such as the availability of spare parts and the necessary skills for maintenance and repair.

Apart from the technical aspects, it should be kept in mind that such highly mechanized technologies are in principle:

- capital intensive,
- labour-saving,
- economically sensitive to bad harvests and falling oil prices, and
- socially geared to the use by men instead of women.

A considerable decline in employment opportunities at the village level (particularly for the women) might therefore be the effect of a larger scale oil processing operation at the district level.

Although such units might look attractive from the technical point of view (see details in Chapter 5), the setting up of: centralized units cannot be recommended as long as there are still doubts as to the possibility of finding appropriate solutions for the technical as well as the man agement and more human-oriented problems.