 | Radio and Electronics (DED Philippinen, 66 p.) |
 |  | (introduction...) |
|  | 1. INTRODUCTION |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 1.1. A TRIAL TO STATE A DEFINITION OF ELECTRONICS |
| | 1.2. A SHORT HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS |
| | 1.3. CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES |
| | 2. PRINCIPLES OF RADIO COMMUNICATION UNICATION |
| | 2.1. BASICAL IDEAS ABOUT COMMUNICATION |
| | 2.2. DEVELOPMENT OF LONG DISTANCE COMMUNICATION |
| | 2.3. FIDELITY AND DISTORTION |
| | 3. TRANSDUCERS |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 3.1. MICROPHONES |
| | 3.2. LOUDSPEAKERS |
| | 3.3. THE TELEPHON SYSTEM |
| | 3.4. PROBLEM OF FREQUENCY RANGES |
| | 3.5. BANDWIDTH |
| | 4. RADIOWAVES |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 4.1. ORIGIN OF RADIOWAVES |
| | 4.2. PARAMETERS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES |
| | 4.3. PROPAGATION OF RADIOWAVES |
| | 4.4. SPECTRUM OF RADIOWAVES AND BANDS OF RADIOWAVES |
| | 5. MODULATION OF RADIOWAVES |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 5.1. THE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM) |
| | 5.2. FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM) |
| | 5.3. SIDEBANDS |
| | 5.4. TRANSMISSION OF RADIOSIGNALS |
| | 6. RECEPTION OF RADIOSIGNALS (AM - TYPE) |
| | 6.1. AERIAL |
| | 6.2. THE TUNED CIRCUIT |
| | 6.3. INCIDENTAL REMARK ON BLOCK DIAGRAMS |
| | 6.4. DETECTOR OR DEMODULATOR |
| | 6.5. POWER SUPPLY |
| | 6.6. AMPLIFIER |
| | 6.7. SUPERHET RECEIVER (the SUPER) |
| | 6.8 INCIDENTAL REMARK ON MIXING FREQUENCIES |
| | 6.9. CONSTRUCTION OF A SUPERHETRADIO |
| | 7. COMPONENTS OF MODERN RADIO RECEIVERS |
| | 7.1.1. HANDLING OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS |
| | 7.1.2. HANDLING OF PRINTED CIRCUITS |
| | 7.1.3. DIFFERENTIATION OF COMPONENTS |
| | 8. PASSIVE COMPONENTS |
| | 8.1. RESISTORS ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS |
| | 8.2. CAPACITORS |
| | 8.3. INDUCTORS |
| | 8.4. COMBINATION OF PASSIVE COMPONENTS |
| | 8.4.1. SERIES CONNECTION OF R AND C, OR R AND L |
| | 8.4.2. COMBINATION OF L AND C, RESONANT (TUNED) CIRCUITS |
| | 8.4.3. TUNED CIRCUIT CONNECTED TO AN AC-VOLTAGE |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 8.4.4.1. QUALITY OF TUNED CIRCUITS |
| | 8.4.4.2. BANDWIDTH |
| | 9. ACTIVE COMPONENTS -1- DIODES |
| | 9.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF SEMICONDUCTORS |
| | 9.2. THE PN-JUNCTION OR DIODE |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 9.2.1. PN-JUNCTION CONNECTED TO VOLTAGE |
| | 9.2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF A PN-JUNCTION OR DIODE |
| | 9.2.3. ZENERDIODE |
| | 10. BLOCKS OF RADIOS / -1- / POWER SUPPLIES |
| | 10.1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS |
| | 10.2. TRANSFORMER |
| | 10.3. THE RECTIFIERS. |
| | 10.4. SMOOTHING AND FILTER CIRCUITS |
| | 10.4.1. THE RESERVOIR CAPACITOR |
| | 10.4.2. FILTER CIRCUITS |
| | 10.5. STABILIZATION |
| | 10.5.1. GENERAL REMARKS |
| | 10.5.1.1. LOAD VARIATIONS |
| | 10.5.1.2. INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF VOLTAGESOURCES |
| | 10.5.1.3. PROBLEMS CAUSED BY THE SMOOTHING CIRCUIT |
| | 10.5.5. METHODS OF STABILIZATION |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 10.5.5.1. PARALLEL-STABILIZATION |
| | 10.5.2.2. SERIES STABILIZATION |
| | 11. ACTIVE COMPONENTS -2- / TRANSISTORS |
| | 11.1. CONSTRUCTION OF A TRANSISTOR |
| | 11.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSISTORS |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 11.2.1 HANDLING OF CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSISTORS |
| | 11.2.1.1. CONSTRUCTION OF THE STATIC-MUTUAL-CHARACTERISTICS |
| | 11.2.1.2. CONSTRUCTION OF THE DYNAMIC MUTUAL CHARACTERISTICS |
| | 11.2.1.3. CONSTRUCTION OF THE MAXIMUM-POWER-LINE |
| | 12. AMPLIFIERS |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 12.1. STRUCTURE OF A CLASS A AMPLIFIER |
| | 12.2. FUNCTION OF A SIMPLE CLASS A AMPLIFIER |
| | 12.3. ADVANCED CLASS A AMPLIFIER |
| | 12.4. STABILIZATION OF THE QUIESCENT VOLTAGE |
| | 13. CLASS B AMPLIFIERS |
| | 13.1. LIMITS OF CLASS A AMPLIFIERS |
| | 13.2. CLASS B AMPLIFIERS WITH TRANSFORMERS |
| | 13.3. CLASS B AMPLIFIERS WITHOUT TRANSFORMERS |
| | 13.4. POWER AMPLIFIER WITH COMPLIMENTARY TRANSISTORS. |
| | 14. DETECTOR OR DEMODULATOR |
| | 15. AGC-AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL |
| | 16. IF-AMPLIFIERS |
| | 17. FEEDBACK |
| | 18. OSCILLATORS |
| | 19. FREQUENCY CHANGERS MIXERSTAGE |
| | 20. DECOUPLING CIRCUITS |
| | 21. MATCHING OF AMPLIFIERSTAGES |
| | 22. COUPLING OF AMPLIFIERSTAGES |
| | 23. RADIO SERVICING |
| | 23.1. IMPORTANCE AND SUBJECT OF FAULT FINDING |
| | 23.2. FAULTS AND FAULT FINDING |
| | 23.3. FAULT FINDING METHODS |
| | 24. THE USE OF THE OSCILLOSCOPE |
13.3. CLASS B AMPLIFIERS WITHOUT TRANSFORMERS
The intention was to get rid of the transformers which had been used to “split” the input signals into two halfwaves. Without transformers we cannot “turn around” one half of the input signal. So it is necessary to let the current flow in both directions. This is not possible with transistors of the same type.
We have to use a combination of an NPN and a PNP transistor. They must be very similar in characteristics and therefore they are called to be complimentary.
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