Sourcebook of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in Africa (UNEP-IETC, 1998, 182 p.)

(introduction...)

Foreword

Part A - Introduction

1. Background

2. Purpose of the source book

3. Organisation of the source book

4. How to use the source book

5. Survey methodology

6. Summary of the survey results

7. Recommendations

8. References

Part B - Technology profiles

(introduction...)

1. Agricultural technologies

(introduction...)

1.1 Fresh water augmentation

(introduction...)

1.1.1 Planting pits (zai)

1.1.2 Demi-lunes or semi-circular hoops.

1.1.3 Katumani pitting technical description

1.1.4 Permeable rock dams

1.1.5 Contour stone bunding

1.1.6 Tied contour ridges

1.1.7 Fanya-juu terracing

1.1.8 Flood harvesting using bunds

1.1.9 Earthen bunds

1.1.10 External catchments using contour ridging

1.1.11 Sand abstraction technical description

1.1.12 Lagoon-front hand-dug wells

1.1.13 Sub-surface dams, small dams, and sand dams

1.1.14 Cloud seeding

1.1.15 Tidal irrigation

1.2 Water quality improvement technologies

1.2.1 Artificial wetlands for wastewater treatment

1.3 Wastewater treatment technologies and reuse

1.3.1 Wastewater reuse

1.4 Water conservation

1.4.1 Conservation tillage

1.4.2 Deficit irrigation

1.4.3 Savanna wetland cultivation

1.4.4 Plants for water conservation gardening

1.4.5 Porous clay pots and pipes for small-scale irrigation

2. Domestic water supply

(introduction...)

2.1 Fresh water augmentation technologies

2.1.1 Protected springs

2.1.2 Rock and roof catchments

2.1.3 Fog harvesting

2.1.4 Groundwater abstraction in urban residential areas

2.1.5 Groundwater abstraction using handpump-equipped wells

2.1.6 Rope-washer pump

2.1.7 Artificial groundwater recharge

2.1.8 Well-tank borehole well

2.1.9 Cisterns

2.1.10 Palm petioles

2.2 Water quality improvement technologies

2.2.1 Denitrification of groundwater

2.2.2 Iron removal

2.2.3 Use of natural plants

2.2.4 In-stream water quality upgrading

2.3 Wastewater treatment technology and reuse

(introduction...)

2.3.1 Direct reuse of treated municipal wastewater

2.3.2 Indirect reuse

2.3.3 Regeneration water

2.4 Water conservation

2.4.1 Urban water conservation

3. Mining and industry

(introduction...)

3.1 Freshwater augmentation technologies

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3.1.1 Groundwater harvesting

3.1.2 Surface water harvesting

3.2 Water quality improvement technologies

3.2.1 Electrodialysis

3.3 Wastewater treatment technologies and reuse

3.3.1 Industrial water reuse

3.4 Water conservation

3.4.1 Dry cooling at power stations

3.4.2 Utilisation of seawater for power station cooling

Part C - Case studies

4.1 Tied ridging - Domboshawa, Zimbabwe

4.2 Freshwater augmentation - cloud seeding, Zimbabwe

4.3 Tidal irrigation, the Gambia

4.4 Spring protection - Mukono district, Uganda

4.5 Water augmentation - Laikipia district, Kenya

4.6 Recycled water - Achimota Brewery, Ghana

4.7 Water recycling - Tarkwa gold fields, Ghana

Part D - Annexes

1. List of abbreviations

2. Table of conversion factors for metric and U.S. Customary Units

Part E - Institutional profiles