Extension of Complex Issues - Success Factors in Integrated Pest Management (LBL - SKAT - SDC, 1997, 102 p.): 1 Introduction: 1.4 Methodology

Extension of Complex Issues - Success Factors in Integrated Pest Management (LBL - SKAT - SDC, 1997, 102 p.)

(introduction...)

Abbreviations

Preface

Acknowledgements

1 Introduction

1.1 The challenge: Extension of a sustainable agricultural practice

1.2 The meaning of ''extension''

1.3 The meaning of ''IPM''

1.4 Methodology

1.5 Structure of this study

2 Project descriptions: Ways of extending IPM

2.1 Five out of many: Why these?

2.2 The Projects

2.2.1 Farmer Field Schools: Indonesian National Integrated Pest Management Programme

2.2.2 The IPM Project of EAP Zamorano in Nicaragua

2.2.3 IPM development programme of Ciba-Geigy in cotton in Pakistan

2.2.4 IRRI: Rice IPM Network

2.2.5 TREE: Development of neem-based plant protection practices - A Participatory Technology Development Experience from Suphanburi (Thailand)

2.3 Projects in an overview

3 Theses: Success factors in extension for IPM

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Theses in an overview

3.3 Theses in detail

3.3.1 Extension and farmers

3.3.2 Extension and research

3.3.3 Extension methods and contents

3.3.4 Broad impact of extension

3.3.5 Motivation of farmers

3.3.6 Extension staff

3.3.7 Political environment

3.3.8 Institutional set-up

4 Concluding remarks: Respect as the basis for successful IPM extension

(introduction...)

4.1 True IPM is revealed by the role of farmers

4.2 IPM - an example for complex extension contents

4.3 Extension on complex issues: Skilful extensionists and confident farmers

4.4 Extension in IPM: Facilitation between clients and researchers

4.5 IPM - an entry point to sustainable agriculture

4.6 IPM and participatory extension: Aspects of a respectful way of life

References

Annex I: National IPM Training Programme Indonesia

Annex II: The IPM Project Zamorano in Nicaragua

Annex III: IPM Development Programme

Annex IV: IRRI: Rice IPM Network

Annex V: TREE: Development of Neem-Based Plant Protection Practices in Thailand

Extension of complex issues

1.4 Methodology

This study has been mandated by SDC to the Swiss Centre for Agricultural Extension (LBL) and specifically to a study team of two agronomists and one ethnologist. SDC asked the study team to analyse five projects involved with the introduction of IPM and to derive from this analysis the factors that had contributed to success. The focus of the study is extension, and the emphasis is to learn from successes rather than to analyse weaknesses or failures in given projects.

The following projects and programmes were chosen as examples:

1. Farmer Field Schools, National IPM Programme Indonesia
2. Manejo Integrado (EAP Zamorano) in Nicaragua
3. IPM projects in cotton by Ciba-Geigy, Pakistan
4. IRRI IPM Network, Philippines
5. Non chemical plant protection project by TREE (a NGO), Thailand.

Except the Farmer Field Schools in Indonesia, which were visited in the frame of a review mission in 1996 (cp. Eveleens 1996), the analysis of the other projects was based on documents and personal discussions with project representatives. The steps of the study were as follows:

1. Elaboration of a study concept.
2. Selection of the projects to be analysed (by SDC).
3. Preparation of a project description.
4. Several feed-back rounds with project representatives until a consensus regarding the project description was reached.
5. "Cross analysis" (critical comparison) of underlying project philosophies and formulation of preliminary theses concerning "IPM and extension".
6. Discussion of theses with project representatives, various IPM and extension experts, personally or by correspondence.
7. Drafting of final report and including last feed-backs from projects.
8. Publication.

It is intended to use the results of this study as an input in various workshops focusing on the issue of "Extension in complex situations".