Indigenous Technology Knowledge for Watershed Management in upper North-West Himalayas of India (PWMTA, 1998): Chapter 9 - Tools and implements: Miscellaneous tools

Indigenous Technology Knowledge for Watershed Management in upper North-West Himalayas of India (PWMTA, 1998)

(introduction...)

Foreword

Chapter 1 - Bio-physical and socio-economic set up in the Indian Upper Himalayas

Introduction

Cold deserts in Western Himalayas

Bio-physical features

Socio-economic features

Temperate Zone in Western Himalayas

Bio-physical features

Socio-economic features

Chapter 2 - Soil and water management techniques

(introduction...)

Sources of irrigation water

Construction of kuhls (water channels)

Distribution of kuhl water in fields

Use of kuhl water for running water mills

Methods of irrigation

Water harvesting methods

Moisture conservation through mulching

Drainage

Use of smoke for protecting fruit crops from frost damage

Soil management

Soil fertility management

Use of ash in Ladakh

Chapter 3 - Forestry and agro-forestry management practices

Silviculture

Katha extraction

Agri-silviculture

Plantation crop combination

Large cardamom based agroforestry system

Bamboo groves as a component of agriculture holdings (Agri-silviculture)

Multipurpose trees on the crop land

Private and community fodder wood blocks

Seabuckthorn: Potential resource

Chapter 4 - Livestock and fodder management

(introduction...)

Migration of flocks of sheep and goats

Traditional management practices adopted by Gaddi Shepherds

Grazing in higher reaches for Pashmina Wool

Traditional methods of animal treatment herbal treatment

Ethnopharmaceutical care of cattle

Sustained livestock/animal husbandry

Hay/dry grass storage in fields

Traditional wool combing and spinning

Chapter 5 - Folk agronomy

(introduction...)

Prioritisation of crop sowing

Mixed cropping

Rotational farming

Crop threshing employing animals

Use of yak and bullocks for ploughing

Traditional germplasm of agricultural crops

Uniform seed broadcasting and appropriate seed rate

Rice dehusking

Weeding, strengthening, thinning and gap filling in maize crop

Crushing of coriander seeds with shoe before sowing

Crop harvesting on slopy lands

Seed selection for higher productivity

Distribution of organic manure

Minimum tillage (mechanical and biological practices for soil management)

Dividing the fields into sub-plots

Landuse for optimum resource management

ITK for vegetable cultivation

ITK for horticultural crops

Chapter 6 - Plant protection practices

(introduction...)

Ploughing, hoeing and basin preparation

Hand picking of pests

Cow-dung and clay mixture

Pruning of fruit trees

Use of wood ash on and around vegetable crops

Beating drums and using domestic dogs for combating the menace of birds and monkeys

Kerosene oil for killing borers

Use of walnut and swetflag leaves against pests in stored grains

Indigenous beekeeping practices

Chapter 7 - Post-harvest management of food crops

(introduction...)

Cleaning of grains

Packaging of food commodities

Storage of food commodities

Wheat in Chhota Bhangal (Kangra)

Drying of fruit and vegetables

Distilled country liquor

Traditional apple plucking

Chapter 8 - Weather forecasting

(introduction...)

History of indigenous rain making

ITK for weather prediction

Social and cultural beliefs

Chapter 9 - Tools and implements

(introduction...)

Tillage implements

Interculture operation tools

Harvesting tools:

Postharvest tools and implements

Miscellaneous tools

Glossary of local terms

Acknowledgements

Miscellaneous tools

Hammer, jumper, wedge and shovel and hand saw are also used from time to time in the various farm operations.

Despite of their widespread use, even today, these indigenous implement/tools in general are not agronomically sound and as a result lower the efficiency and increase tiredness of the operator. There is an urgent need to improve upon the traditional implements so as to redress this serious limitation. The standardization of their design in accordance with the requirements of hill farming is long overdue.

Table 1: List of tools/implements in various regions of HP

Type of tools/implements	English name	Local name in regions
		Lahaul & Spiti	Chamba	Sirmour	Kinnaur	Bilaspur
I. Tillage and bed/land preparation tools	1. Wooden Plough	Nagal	Hal	Hal	Thong (Aawi)	Hal
	2. Yoke or Punjali	Joom	-	Joda		Jungda
	3. Hammer wooden (Mallot)	Thowa	dah	ud	Ghoon	Padawata
	4. Leveller	-	mach	Sohaga	Jorah	Maida
	5. Pick axe	Gainti	Gainti	Gainti	bilcha	Gainti
II. Interculture operation tools	1. Spade	Chagwal	Phawara	Phorwa	-	Jhhamb
	2. Harrow	-	Dandal	-	Gyama	Dandali
	3. Khilna	-	-	-	Chikri	Kilni
	4. Hoe (Kudal)	Okthan	Kudali	Kasi	Khassi	Kudali
	5. Hand hoe	-	Khurpi	Khurpi	Khot	Khurpa
	6. Iron hook provided with wooden handle	Surmn	-	-	-	-
III. Harvesting	1. Scythe	Dranti	Darati	Daranti	Sora (Dachi)	Dorati
	2. Sharp blade fitted to wooden handle	Jathugza	Gandasa	-	-	Rutasa
	3. Big sickle	Drant	Darat	Darant	Naryal (Daach)	Draft
	4. Small axe makudi	Karji	Jhontu	Teri	-	Kulhadu
	5. Plough	Nagal	Hal	Hal	Jhong	Hal
IV. Phostharvest Bambo pin	1. Wooden Pin/	-	-	-	-	Sua
	2. Threshing pole	-	-	-	Berka	Deeng
	3. Basket	Kilta	Kilta	Kilta	Kilta (Changer)	Tokri
	4. Suhaga (Leveller)		Mach	Moi	Jorah	Maida
	5. Winnower	Sheen	Chhaj	Zongfa	-	Chhaj
	6. Large sieve	-	-	-	Yara	Kera
	7. Threshing floor	-	-	-	Kholang	-
	8. Sack (Bag)	-	-	-	Phat	Bori
	9. Hand mill	Ranthak (Chackki)	-	-	-	Chakki
V. Additional	1. Chisel	Chutsa	Nihani	-	Zabbal	Chhini
	2. Jumper	Jhabbal	-	-	-	Chabbal
	3. Saw	-	Karolari	Aari	-	Aari
	4. Iron Hammer	-	-	-	-	Hathodi