Glossary terms

A

acid soil A soil with a pH value < 7.0. Usually applied to surface layer or root zone, but may be used to characterize any horizon.

agrisilviculture A form of agroforestry consisting of tree (woody perennial) and crop components.

agroecosystem analysis Developed by Gordon Conway and Khon Kaen University researchers (Thailand) in the early 1980s. It is often used in the diagnostic or planning stage and utilizes tools for pattern analysis.

agroforestry The use of trees in farming systems (see Chapter 2).

agrosilvopasture A form of agroforestry consisting of tree (woody perennial), crop and pasture/animal components.

alkali soil A soil that contains sufficient alkali to interfere with the growth of most crop plants.

alley cropping/farming Growing annual crops between rows of trees or shrubs, often leguminous. Pruned material from these is used as mulch around annual crops and also as fodder and fuelwood.

alluvial soil A soil developing from recently deposited alluvium and exhibiting essentially no horizon development or modification of the recently deposited materials.

annual plant A plant that grows for only one season (or year) before dying, in contrast to a perennial, which grows for more than one season. apiculture Honeybee rearing.

arid climate Climate in regions that lack sufficient moisture for crop production without irrigation. In cool regions, annual precipitation is usually less than 25 cm. It may be as high as 50 cm in tropical regions. Natural vegetation is desert shrubs.

B

bench terrace An embankment constructed across sloping fields with a steep drop on the downslope side.

biennial plant A plant which completes its life cycle in two years. Plants of this type usually produce leaves and a welldeveloped root system the first year; stems, flowers and seeds the second year; and then die.

biomass The weight of material produced by a living organism or collection of organisms. The term is usually applied to plants to include the entire plant, or it may be qualified to include only certain parts of the plant, e.g., aboveground or leafy biomass. Biomass is expressed as fresh weight or dry weight. bole The main tree trunk.

browse The buds, shoots, leaves and flowers of woody plants are eaten by livestock or wild animals.

budding The practice of splicing a bud from one tree into the bark of another, usually to obtain highquality fruit on hardy, established trees.

bund A ridge of earth placed in a line to control water runoff and soil erosion, demarcate a plot boundary, or other uses.

bush A small woody plant (see shrub).

C

canopy The upper layer of trees in a forest or a complex of trees.

carbon/nitrogen ratio The ratio of the weight of organic carbon (C) to the weight of total nitrogen (N) in a soil or organic material.

cereal A grass that is grown primarily for its seed which is used for feed or food.

clump A close grouping of stems of trees, bushes, or grasses.

community forestry A form of social forestry, where tree planting is undertaken by a community on common or communal lands.

component species Individual species that are parts of mixed systems.

contour An imaginary line connecting points of equal elevation on the surface of the soil. A contour terrace is laid out on a slope at right angles to the direction of the slope and nearly level throughout its course. A contour ditch is sometimes constructed along the contour to store and conserve water.

coppicing Cutting certain tree species close to ground level to produce new shoots from the stump. Also occurs naturally in some species if the trees are damaged.

cover crop A close-growing crop grown primarily for the purpose of protecting and improving soil between periods of regular crop production or between trees and vines in orchards and plantations.

crop growth rate The gain in weight of a plant on a unit of area in a unit of time.

crop residue The portion of a plant or crop that is left in the field after harvest, e.g., rice straw.

cropping pattern The yearly sequence and spatial arrangement of crops or of crops and fallow on a given area.

cropping system The cropping patterns used on a farm and their interaction with farm resources, other farm enterprises and available technology which determine their makeup.

crown The canopy or top of a single tree or other woody plant.

cut-and-carry Fodder or other plant products which are harvested and carried to a different location to be used or consumed by livestock.

cutting A piece of a branch or root cut from a living plant with the objective of developing roots and growing a new plant, genetically identical to the original parent (a clone).

D

deciduous plant A plant that sheds all or most of its leaves every year at a certain season. The opposite of evergreen.

deforestation Disturbance, conversion, or wasteful destruction of forest lands.

denitrification The biochemical reduction of nitrate or nitrite to gaseous nitrogen, either as molecular nitrogen or as an oxide of nitrogen.

diagnosis and design Developed by ICRAF in the early 1980s as a methodology for the diagnosis of land management problems and the design of agroforestry solutions.

direct seeding Sowing seeds directly where they are to develop into mature plants.

discounting The process of determining the present worth of a future quantity of money.

drought The absence of precipitation for a period long enough to cause depletion of soil moisture and damage to plants.

drought tolerance The capacity of plants to survive drought; specifically adaptations that enhance their power to withstand drought-induced stress.

E

ecosystem All the plants and animals in a given area and their physical environment, including the interactions among them.

erosion (1) The wearing away of the land surface by running water, wind, ice, or other geological agents, including such processes as gravitational creep. (2) Detachment and movement of soil or rock by water, wind, ice, or gravity. The following terms are used to describe different types of water erosion:

accelerated erosion Erosion much more rapid than normal, natural, geological erosion; primarily as a result of the activities of humans or, in some cases, of animals.

gully erosion The removal of soil by water concentrated in deep, narrow channels.

natural erosion Wearing away of the earth's surface by water, ice, or other natural agents under natural environmental conditions of climate, vegetation and so on, undisturbed by humans.

rill erosion An erosion process in which numerous small channels of only several centimeters in depth are formed; occurs mainly on recently cultivated soils.

sheet erosion The removal of a fairly uniform layer of soil from the land surface by runoff water.

splash erosion The spattering of small soil and particles caused by the impact of raindrops on soils. The loosened and separate particles may or may not be subsequently removed by surface runoff.

evaporation Loss of moisture from surfaces other than plants.

evapotranspiration The combined loss of water from a given area and, during a specified period of time, by evaporation from the soil surface and by transpiration from plants.

evergreen Plants which retain their leaves and remain green throughout the year. Opposite of deciduous.

exotic A plant or animal species which has been introduced outside its natural range. Opposite of indigenous.

extensive Land use or management spread over a large area where land is plentiful (at least for those who control it). Opposite of intensive.

F

fallow Land resting from cropping, which may be grazed or left unused, often colonized by natural vegetation.

family A taxonomic category between order and genus. Plants or animals in the same family share some common characteristics.

farm-based agroforestry Agroforestry approach in which trees are incorporated into a farm ecosystem.

farm enterprise An individual crop or animal production function within a farming system.

farm forestry Tree planting on farms.

farming system All the elements of a farm which interact as a system, including people, crops, livestock, other vegetation, wildlife, the environment and the social, economic and ecological interactions between them.

farming systems research An applied problem-solving approach conducted by multi-disciplinary teams, with a degree of farmer participation. Evolved from cropping system research.

fertilizer Any organic or inorganic material which is added to the soil to supply one or more plant nutrients.

fodder Parts of plants which are eaten by domestic animals. These may include leaves, stems, fruit, pods, flowers, pollen, or nectar.

foliage The mass of leaves of plants, usually used for trees or bushes.

forage Vegetative material in a fresh, dried, or ensiled state which is fed to livestock (hay, pasture, silage).

forest-based agroforestry Agroforestry approach in which annual or perennial crops are incorporated into a natural forest ecosystem.

G

genetic resources Plant and animal stock with distinct inheritable characteristics of potential use within an agroecosystem.

genus A taxonomic category between family and species. A genus consists of one or more closely related species and, in plants, is defined largely in terms of the characteristics of the flower and/or fruit.

grafting The practice of propagating plants by taking a small shoot from one and attaching it to another so that the cambium layers from both are in contact and the transferred shoot grows as part of the main plant. This is normally used to obtain high-quality seedlings from hardy, well-established plants (rootstock).

green manure Green, leafy material applied to the soil to improve its fertility.

groundcover Living or nonliving material which covers the soil surface.

groundwater Water which is underground. It may be pumped to the surface or reached by plant roots or wells or may feed into bodies of surface water.

gully A deep, narrow channel cut into the soil by erosion. gully erosion (see erosion)

H

hedgerow or hedge A closely planted line of shrubs or small trees, often forming a boundary or fence.

herbaceous A plant that is not woody and does not persist above ground beyond one season.

herbivore An animal that feeds only on plants.

homegarden Traditional cropping practice around the house, usually includes fruit and fuel wood trees, vegetables, root crops, poultry and smaller livestock and sometimes a fishpond.

humid A climate in which rainfall exceeds potential evaporation during at least 9 months a year and usually more than 1500 mm annual rainfall.

I

indigenous Native to a specific area; not introduced. Opposite of exotic.

indigenous knowledge Local knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society.

infiltration The downward movement of water into the soil.

infiltration rate The maximum rate at which water can enter a soil under specified conditions, including the presence of an excess of water.

in-row tillage The agronomic practice of continuous cultivation of crops in a narrow band of soil (or row).

intensive Land use or management concentrated in a small area of land. Opposite of extensive.

intercropping Growing two or more crops in the same field at the same time in a mixture.

interface The area where there is a positive or negative relationship between two entities, such as between a row of trees and a row of crops.

internal rate of return (IRR) The maximum rate of interest that a project can repay on loans while still recovering all investment and opportunity costs, or, the earning power of money invested in a particular venture.

L

land equivalent ratio (LER) The ratio of the area needed under monoculture to a unit area of intercropping to give an equal amount of yield.

landscape An area of land, usually between 10 and 100 square kilometers, including vegetation, built structures and natural features, seen from a particular viewpoint.

Iand-use-map sketching A method used in extension work, where farmers make sketches of their existing land and how they want to change the land.

Iand-use system The way in which land is used by a particular group of people with a specified area.

leaching The removal of soluble materials from the upper soil layer by water moving vertically down.

legume Any plant species from the family Leguminoseae (e.g., beans, peas), many of which have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen via bacteria in or on their roots.

litter The uppermost layer of organic material on the soil surface, including leaves, twigs, and flowers freshly fallen or slightly decomposed.

lopping Cutting one or more branches of a standing tree or shrub.

M

manuring Application of animal dung, compost or other organic material used to fertilize the soil.

microcatchment A small earthwork used to catch and direct rainfall to a crop or to livestock.

microclimate The temperature, sunlight, humidity and other climatic conditions in a small localized area (e.g., in a field or stand of trees).

mineralization The conversion of an element from an organic form to an inorganic state as a result of microbial decomposition.

mixed farming Cropping systems which involve the raising of crops, animals and/or trees.

mixed intercropping Growing two or more crops simultaneously with no distinct row arrangement.

monoculture The repetitive growing of the same, single crop on the same land.

mulch Plant or non-living materials used to cover the soil surface with the object of protecting the soil from the impact of rainfall, controlling weeds or moisture loss and, in some cases, fertilizing the soil.

multiple cropping Growing two or more crops in the same field in one year at the same time or one after the other.

multipurpose tree species Woody perennials which are grown to provide more than one product or service.

multistoried (sometimes written as multistoreyed) Relating to a vertical arrangement of plants so that they form distinct layers, from the lower (usually herbaceous) layer to the uppermost tree canopy.

N

natural vegetation The vegetative cover that would exist in a given area without interference from humans.

net present value (NPV) An indicator of a project's long-term value as estimated at the time of implementation; it is calculated by summing all the annual net costs or benefits over the prescribed life span of a project, discounted at a preselected rate.

nitrogen fixation The biological conversion of elemental nitrogen (N2) to organic combinations or to forms readily utilized in biological processes.

nitrogen cycle The sequence of chemical and biological changes undergone by nitrogen as it moves from the atmosphere into water, soil and living organisms and, upon death of these organisms (plants and animals), is recycled through a part or all of the entire process.

O

opportunity cost The economic value of a true sacrifice incurred by the choice of a given action.

overstory (or overstorey) The highest layer of vegetation, often the tree canopy, which grows over lower shrub or plant layers.

P

participatory rural appraisal (PRA) A set of facilitative and participatory technologies developed in the late 1980's by researchers and NGOs, to build upon local people's capabilities and to empower local people in the process.

pasture A portion of land covered with grasses or grasslegume mixtures suitable for grazing.

perennial plant A plant that grows for more than one year, in contrast to an annual, which grows for only one year (or season) before dying.

pH The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity (concentration) of a soil. A pH of 7 is neutral; a pH of less than 7 is acidic, one higher than 7 is alkaline.

pollarding Cutting back the crown of a tree in order to harvest wood and browse to produce regrowth beyond the reach of animals and/or to reduce the shade cast by the crown.

productivity, soil The capacity of a soil for producing a specified plant or sequence of plants under a specified system of management. Productivity emphasizes the capacity of soil to produce plant products and should be expressed in terms of yields.

pruning Cutting back plant growth, including side branches or roots.

R

rapid rural appraisal (RRA) A set of techniques developed in the early 1980s by researchers at universities and international centers to improve data gathering in natural resource management programs.

reforestation Replanting of a forest which has been chopped down or destroyed by fire. regeneration Regrowth

relative humidity The ratio expressed as percent between the quantity of water vapor present and the maximum possible at given temperature and barometric pressure.

relay cropping Growing two or more crops with their growing seasons overlapping, e.g., the second crop is planted before the first crop is harvested.

rhizobia Bacteria capable of living symbiotically with higher plants, usually in nodules on the roots of legumes, from which they receive their energy and capable of converting atmospheric nitrogen to combined organic forms.

ridging Making long parallel raised strips of earth usually on the contours, into which seeds are sown.

root sucker A shoot arising from the root of a plant.

rotation In agriculture, changing the crops grown on a particular piece of land (or crops and fallow) from season to season. In forestry, the length of time between establishment and harvesting of a plantation or tree.

runoff The portion of the precipitation on an area that is discharged from the area through stream channels. That which is lost without entering the soil is stream is "surface runoff' and that which enters the soil before reaching the stream is called "groundwater runoff' or "seepage flow" from ground water.

S

sapling A young tree, no longer a seedling but not yet a pole, a few meters high and about 2.5 cm in diameter at breast height.

seedling A young stage of a plant grown from a seed.

selective cutting Harvesting specific tree species or individuals in a forest and leaving the rest untouched.

semiarid Term applied to regions or climates where moisture is more plentiful than in arid regions but still definitely limits the growth of most crop plants. Natural vegetation in uncultivated areas is short grasses, shrubs and small trees.

sequential cropping Growing two or more crops in sequence on the same field per year. The succeeding crop is planted after the preceding crop has been harvested.

shifting cultivation A form of agriculture in which soil fertility is maintained by rotating fields rather than crops. New plots are usually cleared by "slash and burn" and cropped until soil exhaustion. The land is then left to regenerate naturally while cultivation is done elsewhere.

shrub A woody plant that remains less than 10 meters tall and produces shoots or stems from its base (see bush).

silvopastoral system A form of agroforestry system consisting of trees (woody perennials) and pasture/animal components.

situation-specific analysis An appraisal/diagnostic method developed by Chiangmai University in northern Thailand to examine interactions between local resource management system and dynamics of the system under a specific environment.

slope The incline or angle of the land surface, which can be measured as a percent or ratio or in degrees or grades.

small farm (small holding, farm household, small farmer) A farm that is at the same time a home and a business enterprise so that farm-management decisions are made, based on household needs as well as business interests.

social forestry The practice of using trees and/or tree planting specifically to pursue social objectives, usually betterment of the poor, through delivery of the benefits to the local people.

soil conservation A combination of all management and land-use methods that safeguard the soil against depletion or deterioration caused by nature and/or humans.

soil organic matter The organic fraction of the soil that includes plant and animal residues at various stages of decomposition, cells and tissues of soil organisms and substances synthesized by soil organisms.

sole cropping One crop variety grown alone in pure stand at normal density. Opposite of intercropping/mixed cropping.

species A taxonomic category below genus. A very closely related group of individual organisms which forms the basic unit for naming and classification according to distinguishable genetic characteristics.

staggered (planting, harvesting) Referring to activities carried out at different times or locations, instead of synchronized to occur at the same time or place.

stover The mature, cured stalks of maize or sorghum from which the grain has been removed.

stress Any factor that disturbs the normal functioning of an organism.

strip cropping Planting of alternate strips of grasses, or grains with other crops on contours in order to conserve moisture and decrease erosion.

subhumid In the tropics, a climate with average annual rainfall of 900-1500 mm.

succession An orderly process of change in a community (of plants, animals) that results from modification of the environment by organisms and culminates in a system attaining steady state, or climax.

sucker A side shoot from the roots of a plant; a side growth arising from an axillary bud.

T

taungya The intercropping of agricultural crops during the first years of forest plantation establishment.

tenure The right to property, granted by custom or law, which may include land, trees and other plants, animals and water.

terraces Soil and water conservation structures established on sloping lands to reduce the runoff of soil and water down the slope.

thinning An intermediate cutting aimed primarily at controlling the growth of a tree stand by adjusting stand density.

tiller An erect or semi-erect, secondary stem in grass species (such as rice).

topography The physical description of land; changes in elevation due to hills, valleys and other features.

transect walk A systematic walk with (small) farmer groups on their land to identify land uses and problems and to discuss potential improvements.

transpiration The loss of moisture from plants in the form of water vapor.

U

understory The lower layer of vegetation, often grasses, shrubs or crops that grow under taller vegetation.

V

viability The capability of living and developing in a given environment or, in the case of a technology, of being practiced in the long term.

W

water harvesting Collection and storage in a tank or in the soil of water (either runoff or streamflow) for securing water availability for crop growth, or animal and human consumption.

woody Plants which consist in part of wood; not herbaceous.

Z

zero-grazing Livestock production systems in which the animals are fed in pens or other confined areas and are not permitted to graze.

Sources

Delorit, R.J., L.J. Greub, and H.L Ahlgren. (eds.) 1974. Crop production. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA.

Gardner, F.P., R.B. Pearce, and R.L Mitchell. 1985. Physiology of crop plants. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.

Smith, D.M. (ed.) 1986. The practice of silviculture. 8th edition. John Wiley, New York, USA.

Soil Science Society of America. 1987. Glossary of soil science terms. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, WI, USA.

Soule, J. (ed.) 1985. Glossary of horticulture crops. John Wiley, New York, USA.

Wilson, T.C. 1978. Researcher's guide to statistics: Glossary and decision map. Univ. Press of America, Washington, D.C, USA.

Commonly used species in agroforestry in Southeast Asia

(China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam)

Scientific	English	Chinese	Indonesian	Pillpino	Thal	Vietnamese
Forest trees
Acacia auriculiformis	Acacia	Jinghehuang	-	Japanese acacia	Kruthin Napong	Keo la tram
Acacia mangium	Mangium	-	-	Mangium	Krathin Tepa	Keo tai tuong
Bambusa spp.	Bamboo	Zhuzhi	Bambu	Kawayan	Phai	Tre
Calamus spp.	Rattan	Teng	Rottan	-	Wai	May
Canarium spp.	-	-	Kanari	Pili	-	Tram
Cassia siamea	Thailand shower	Tiedaomu	-	Thailand shower	Kae lek	Muong xiem
Casuarina equisetifolia	Australian pine	-	-	Agoho	Son Tale	Phi lao
Cinnamomum cassia	Cinnamon	Rugui	Kayumanis	-	-	Que
Dendrocalamus spp.	Bamboo	Longzhu	-	Bayog	Phai	Tre. Iuong
Desmodium rezonii	Desmodium -	-	Karikut-rikut		-	-
Dipterocarpus alatus	Dipterocarp	-	Damar	-	Yang	Dau rai
Erythrina spp.	-	-	Dadap	Dapdap	Thong fang	Vong
Eucalyptus spp.	Eucalyptus	Anshu	Eucaliptus	Red gum	Eveulyp	Bach den
Flemingia congesta	Flemingia	-	-	-	-	-
Gliricidia septum	-	-	Gamal	Madre de de cacao	KaeFarang	Do mai
Hevea brasiliensis	Rubber	Xiangjiao	Karet	Karet	Yangpara Takien	Cao su Sao
Indigofera teysmanii	-	-	-	-	-	Dau cham
Leucaena leucocephala	Leucaena	Yinghehuang	Lamtoro	Ipil-ipil	Krathinyak	Keo dau
Mangletia glauca	-	-	-	-	-	Mo
Melia azedirachta	Neem tree	-	Mindi	Paraiso	Sadao	Xoan
Pinus spp.	Pine	Shongshu	Pinus	Pine	Son	Thong
Pterocarpus spp.	-	-	-	Narra	Praduu	Giang huong
Samanea saman	Raintree	-	-	Raintree	ChamChulee	Cong/
Sesbania grandiflora	Sesbania	Mutianqing	Turi	Katuray	Kae ban	So dua
Styrax tonkinensis	Styrax	-	-	-	-	Bo de
Tectona grandis	Teak	Youmu	Jati	Teak	Sak	Tech

Fruit trees

Anacardium occidentale	Cashew	-	Jambu monyet	Kasoy	Mumuong Himmapan	Dieu
Annona muricata	Custard apple	Pinggua	Buah none	Guyabano	NoiNaa	Mang cau/ na ta
Artocarpus heterophyllus	Jackfruit	-	Langka	Langka	Kanun	Mit
Carica papaya	Papaya	Mugua	Pepaya	Papaya	Malakop	Du du
Citrus spp.	Citrus	Ju,che	Jeruk	Kalamansi	Som	Cam,chanh quat
Citrus reticulate	Mandarin	Ju	-	-	-	Quit
Cocos nucifera	Coconut	Kelapa	Niyog	Niyog	Dua
Coffea spp.	Coffee	Kafei	Kopi	Kape	Kafae	Caphe
Dimocarpus longan	Longan	Longgan	-	Longyan	LumYai	Nhan
Diospyros kaki	Oriental persimmon	Shizhi	Kesemek	-	Plub	Hong
Durio zibethinus	Durian	-	Durian	Duryan	Durian	Xoai
Lansium domesticum	Lanzones	-	Duku	Lansones	Lansat	Bon bon
Litchi sinensis	Lychee	Lizhi	-	-	Lingee	Vai
Mangifera indica	Mango	Manggio	Mangga	Mangga	Mamuong	Xoai
Nephelium lappaceum	Rambutan	-	Rambutan	Rambutan	Ngao	Chom chom
Persea americana	Avocado	-	Alpukat	Abokado	-	Bo
Psidium guajava	Guava	-	Jambu	Bayabas	Farang	Oi
Theobroma cacao	Cacao	Keke	Kakao	Kakaw	-	Cacao

Vegetables

Allium cepa	Onion	Yangchong	Bawang merah	Sibuyas	-	Hanh
Allium sativum	Garlic	Dacuan	Bawang putih	Bawang	-	Toi
Annonas conosus	Pineapple	Boluo	Nenas	Pinya	Subparot	Thom
Arachis hypogaea	Peanut	Huasheng	Kacang tanah	Mani	Tualisong	Dau phong
Brassica oleracea	Brocolli	-	Brokoli	Brokoli	-	Bap cai
Brassica	Cabbage oleracea	Baoxingcai	Kol	Repolyo	-	Bap su
Brassica pekinensis	Chinese cabbage	Baicai	Pecai	Petsay	-	-
Cucumis sativus	Cucumber	Caigua	Timun	Pipino	-	Dua leo/ chust
Curcurbita spp.	Squash	Mangua	Labu	Kalabasa	-	Bau,bi
Daucus carota	Carrots	Huluobou	Wortel	Karot	-	Ca rot
Glycine max	Soybean	Dadou	Kedelai	-	-	Dau nanh
Hibiscus esculentus	Okra	-	-	Okra	-	Dau bap
Lycopersicon esculenthum	Tomato	Xihongshi	Tomat	Kamatis	-	Ca chua
Oryza sativa	Rice	Shuidao	Padi	Palay	Kao	Lua
Piper nigrum	Pepper	Hujiao	Lada	Paminta	Prikthai	Ot
Solanum	Eggplant	Qiazhi	Terung	Talong	-	Ca tim
melongena
Vigna radiate	Mungbean	Ludou	Kacang hijau Munggo	Tuakiew	Dau xanh
Zea mays	Corn	Yumi	Jagung	Mais	-	Bap

Root crops

Colocasia spp.	Taro	Yunei	Talas	Gabi	-	Mon
Ipomea batatas	Sweet potato	Fanshu	Ubijalar	Kamote	-	Khoai fang
Manihot esculenta	Cassava	Mushu	Ubikayu	Kamoteng kahoy	NunSumpalangSan
Solanum tuberosum	Potato	Malinshu	Kentang	Patatas	-	Khoai tay
Zingiber officinale	Ginger	Jiang	Jahe	Luya	Khing	Gung
Livestock
	Bee	Mifeng	Lebah	Bubuyog	Pung	Ong
	Buffalo	Shuinui	Kerbau	Kalabaw	Kwai	Trau
	Chicken	Ji	Ayam	Manok	Kai	Ga
	Cow	Neiniu-	Sapi	Baka	Von	Bo
	Duck	Ya	Itik	Bibe/itik	Ped	Vit
	Fish	Yu	Ikan	Isda	Plu	Ca
	Goat	Yang	Kambing	Kambing	Pae	De
	Goose	E	Angsa	Gansa	Hon	Ngong
	Pig	Zhu	Babi	Baboy	Mu	Heo, lon
	Sheep	Mianyang	Domba	Tupa	Kae	Cuu

Resource institutions

Institutions	Expertise	Program focus
China
Agro-ecology Institute Zhejiang Agricultural University Hangzhou, 310029, Zhejiang Province, China	farming systems, agroecology	research and development, education
Institute of Forestry Research China Academy of Forestry Beijing, China	forestry and agroforestry	basic and applied research, demonstration, networking (APAN national focal point)
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing, China.	forestry, social forestry	information generation and dissemination
Institute of Soil Science Academia Sinica Nanjing, China	soil conservation, agroforestry	agroforestry networking project
Institute of Sub-tropical Forestry Research Chinese Academy of Forestry Hangzhou, China	sub-tropical forest, bamboo-based farm forestry	research, experiment station, documentation
Institute of Tropical Forestry Research Chinese Academy of Forestry Guangzhou, China	tropical forestry and agroforestry	research, experiment station, outreach
International Farm Forestry Training Center China Academy of Forestry Beijing, China	farm forestry, agroforestry	training
Indonesia
Agricultural Polytechnic-Kupang Jl. Adisucipto, Pentui P. O. Box 1111	dryland farming and agroforestry systems, indigenous	research and development, education and training
Kupang 8501 1, Nusa Tenggara Timur Indonesia	knowledge, agroecosystems, multipurpose tree species
Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Network (FAO-APAN) Jl. Gunung Batu 5 P. O. Box 481 Bogor 16004, Indonesia	agroforestry systems, human resource development	networking, training, information services, field demonstration
Asia Soil Conservation Network (ASOCON) Manggala Wanabakti Blok IV Lt. S. Jl. Gatot Subroto or P. O. Box 133 JKWB Jakarta 10270, Indonesia	soil conservation	networking
Badan Pendidikan den Latihan Pertanian(Agency for Agricultural Education and Training) Jl. Harsono No. 3, Pasarminggu Jakarta 12560, Indonesia	farming system, nature conservation, human resources development	networking, training and extension education, monitoring and evaluation methods
Balai Metodologi Informasi Pertanian(Agricultural Information Methodology Center) P. O. Box 252, Ciawi, Bogor, Indonesia	farming systems, people-based approach	instructional media training development, information services
Bogor Agricultural University Jl. Raya Pajajaran Bogor, Indonesia	forestry, farming systems, food technology	research and development, education and training
Forest and Nature Conservation Research and Development Center Jl. Gunung Batu 5 Bogor, Indonesia	agroforestry systems, nature conservation	research and development, training and extension, (APAN national focal point)
ICRAF Southeast Asia Programme Jl. Gunung Batu 5, Bogor, Indonesia	agroforestry	research and development
Kelompok Kerja Konservasi(Working Group for Conservation) c/o LP3ES, Jl. Mergapati 10 Mataram, Lombok, Indonesia	agroforestry, nature conservation	networking, information services
Nusa Tenggara Upland Development Consortium c/o World Neighbors Southeast Asia P. O. Box 71, Ubud 85071, Bali, Indonesia	agroforestry, nature conservation, gender, participatory approach	networking, information services
Perum Perhutani Gd. Manggala Wanabhakti Blok IV Lt 4 Jl. Gatot Subroto, Senayan Jakarta, Indonesia	agroforestry, non- wood forest product, nature conservation	research and development, training extension
PROSEA Network Office c/o Research and Development Center for Biology, LIPI Jl. Ir. H. Juanda 22 P. O. Box 234 Bogor 16122, West Java, Indonesia	fanning systems, indigenous and exogenous knowledge	research and development, networking, information services on plant resources, handbook, data bank
World Neighbors Southeast Asia Office P. O. Box 71, Ubud 85071, Bali, Indonesia	people-based approach, upland development program	networking, media development, information services
World Neighbors Southeast Asia Media Support Program Studio Driya Media, Jl. Makmur No. 16 Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia	people-based approach, upland development program	networking,media development, information services
Yayasan Bina Swadaya Jl. Gunung Sahari III/7, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia	agroforestry, social forestry	training
Papua New Guinea
Bubia Research Station LAE, Morobe Province Papua New Guinea	farming systems	research, information services
Highlands Agricultural Experimentation Station, Aiyuva P. O. Box 384 Kainantu, EHP Papua New Guinea	agroforestry/farming systems	research, information services
Land Utilization Section Department of Agriculture and Livestock P. O. Box 1863 Baroko, Papua New Guinea	land suitability assessment, soil survey, agroclimatology, agroecological zoning, land use planning	planning, coordination, information services
Subsistence Agricultural Improvement Project Department of Morobe LAE, Morobe Province Papua New Guinea	agriculture	training and extension
Wan Ecology Institute Private Bag LAE Morobe Province Papua New Guinea	indigenous knowledge, agriculture, land use, wildlife ecology	research, information services
Philippines
Bureau of Agriculture Research Department of Agriculture Visayas Avenue, Diliman Quezon City, Philippines	farming systems	research and development, networking
Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau Department of Environment and Natural Resources College, Laguna 4031, Philippines	natural resources technology generation, ecosystems	research and development
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction Y.C. James Yen Center Silang, Cavite 4118 Philippines	integrated community-based rural development, environment, natural resources, agriculture, rural enterprise building	integrated approach, research, networking, media development, training and extension, information services
International Rice Research Institute Los Ba Laguna Philippines	farming systems, crop management, post- harvesting technology	research and development
Kapwa Upliftment Foundation, Inc. 427 Durian St., Juan Subdivision Matina 8000, Davao City Philippines	agroforestry, gender, human resource, land tenure	people-centered development program, networking, training, extension
Mag-Uugmad Foundation, Inc. 39-2 Pelaez St. 6000 Cebu City PhiIippines	soil and water conservation, farming systems, farmer- centered development	people-centered development, networking, training, extension, media development, research
Mariano Marcos State University Institute of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture College of Agriculture and Forestry Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines	dryland agriculture, farming systems	research and development
Mindanao Baptist Rural Life Center Kinuskusan, Bansalan Davao del Sur, Philippines	upland technology development, farming systems	training, extension, media development, research and development
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources and Development Los Ba Laguna Philippines	forestry, agriculture, farming systems	research, technology generation, verification dissemination and development
Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement P. O. Box 10479 Broadway Centrum, Quezon City, Philippines	natural resources management	advocacy, research, information services
Southeast Asia Regional Center for Research in Agriculture Los Ba Laguna, Philippines	agriculture	research and development, training
University of the Philippines at Los BaCollege, Los BaLaguna, Philippines	agronomy, human ecology, forestry, biological science, natural resources, rural development	research and development
- College of Forestry
- Institute of Biological Science
- Department of Agronomy
- College of Human Ecology
Thailand
AgricuIture Department Paholyothin Road, Chajutak Bangkok 10900, Thailand	sustainable agriculture	research and development
CARE Thailand18 A Sub Soi, Aree 4 North Paholyothin 7, Bangkok 10400 Thailand	natural resource management, watershed management, community development	extension
Faculty of Agriculture Chiangmai University Chiangmai, Thailand	natural resource conservation	research and development, training
Faculty of Forestry Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen, Thailand	nature conservation, human resource development	research and development, training
FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Maliwan Mansion39 Phra Atit Road Bangkok 10200, Thailand	rural development, food security, agroforestry, farm management, marketing, women in development, soil and water conservation	development assistance through expert consultation, training, networking, information services
Farming Systems Research and Development Office of Agricultural Economics Paholyothin Road, Chatujak 10900 Bangkok, Thailand	farm-based approach	research and development, training
Hill Areas Development Foundation P. O. Box 1 I Mae Chan District Chiangrai 57110, Thailand	natural resource management, community development, soil and water conservation	education, extension
Kasetsart University Chajutak, Bangkok 10903 Thailand	nature conservation, human resource development	research and development, training
- Faculty of Agriculture
- Faculty of Forestry
Multipurpose Tree Species Network for Asia P. O. Box 1038 Kasetsart Office Bangkok 10903, Thailand	farm forestry, integrated agricultural systems	research and development
Office of Community Forestry Royal Forest Department Paholyothin Road, Bangkhen Bangkok 10900, Thailand	agroforestry, social forestry	planning and development, training(APAN national focal point)
Population Development Association Sukhumvit Soi 12 Bangkok, Thailand	people-based approach	research and development
Regional Community Forestry Training Center c/o Faculty of Forestry Kasetsart University P. O. Box 1111 Bangkok 10903, Thailand	social forestry	training, Information services, networking
Royal Forest Management Chatujak, Bangkok Thai land	natural forest management and conservation	planning and development
- Natural Forest Land Use Management Division
- Silviculture Division
- Watershed Conservation Division
Save the Children P. O. Box 49 Nakhon Sawan 60000, Thailand	farm forestry, community forestry	development, networking, training
Sustainable Agriculture Extension Division Agriculture Extension Department Paholyothin Road, Bangkok Thailand	agroforestry and farming systems	extension
Thai-German Highland Development Program P. O. Box 67 Chiangmai 50000, Thailand	farming and agroforestry systems, watershed, natural resource management, land use, community based	research and development
Vietnam
Agriculture Research Institute No. 1, 1 16 Nguyen Binh Chieu Street District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam	agriculture	research and extension
CARE International in Vietnam130 A, Thung Khue Hanoi, Vietnam	community forestry, upland farming system, community development	training and extension
Center for Natural Resources Management and Natural Environmental Studies15 B Trieu Viet Vuong Hanoi, Vietnam	natural/agricultural/ rural resources, agroforestry, biodiversity	management and development (upland area)
Center for Soil and Fertilizer Research and Techno-Transfer(ISF/MAFI), 37 Ben Chuong Duong District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam	soil fertility	research and extension
College of Agriculture and Agroforestry Thuduc, Ho Chi Minh City65/5 a Nguyen Trong, Tuyen Street Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam	agriculture, forestry	development and extension
Forest Science Institute Chem-Tu, Liem Hanoi, Vietnam	forestry	research (APAN national local point)
Forestry College Xuan Mai, Hatay Province Vietnam	silviculture, social forestry, wood processing	research and development, training, networking
Hanoi Agricultural University Gia Lam, Hanoi Vietnam	agriculture, agro- ecology, farming systems, food production	research and development
Langa Union of Forest Enterprise Ministry of Forestry Hanoi, Vietnam	dipterocarp forest	research and extension
Upland Farming Systems, R & D Center University of Agriculture No. 3 Bacthai Province, Vietnam	upland farming and agroforestry systems, soil and water	research and development, training and extension conservation

Participants and workshop staff

Participants

Ms. Kwanchewan Buadeng (Thailand)
Dr. Lope A. Calanog (Philippines)
Dr. Roberto V. Dalmacio (Philippines)
Alma Monica A. dela Paz (Philippines)
Dr. Narciso R. Deomampo (Thailand)
John Dixon (Thailand)
Antonius P.Y. Djogo (Indonesia)
Ines Vivian D. Domingo (Indonesia)
Patrick B. Durst (Thailand)
Riri Fithriadi (Indonesia)
Dr. James H. French (Indonesia)
Dr. Sunarya Hadiwisastra (Indonesia)
Helle Qwist-Hoffman (Thailand)
Peter Qwist-Hoffman (Thailand)
Nguyen Huu Hong (Vietnam)
Dr. Kennedy Igbokwe (Philippines)
Michael Jensen (Thailand)
Wu Jianjun (China)
Dr. Junus Kartasubrata (Indonesia)
Chun K. Lai (Indonesia)
Teunchai Lakhaviwattanakul (Thailand)
Pearmsak Makarabhirom (Thailand)
Dr. Stanley C. Malab (Philippines)
Cai Mantang (China)
Dr. Evelyn Mathias (Philippines)
Nguyen Ba Ngai (Vietnam)
Bui Ngoc Quang (Vietnam)
Dr. Hamish Richards (United Kingdom)
Dr. Walfredo Raquel Rola (Philippines)
Prem Sharma (Nepal)
Bishan Singh (Philippines)
Dr. Naik Sinukaban (Indonesia)
Mike Stainburn (Philippines)
Nguyen Van So (Vietnam)
Dr. Yoyo Sulaiman (Indonesia)
Esther Velasco (Philippines)
Tran Duc Vien (Vietnam)
Balthazar Wayi (Papua New Guinea)
Zheng Wei (China)

Editors
David Abbass
Lyn Capistrano-Doren
Scott Killough
Ray Montes
Dr. Paul Mundy (Workshop coordinator)
Jimmy Ronquillo (Scheduling)
Sheila Siar

Artists
Ric Cantada
Albert Contemprate
Arnold Gardon
Rannie Ramacula

Desktop publishing
Mamet Magno
Jel Montoya
Angie Poblete

Logistics
Lhai Kasala
Angie Poblete

Support
Thess Aquino
Carding Belenzo
Gerry Medina
Jel Montoya
Rollie Ramos

* Did not attend the workshop

Participants' profiles

Kwanchewan Buadeng	Kwanchewan "Jid" Buadeng is a Social Researcher at the Social
Thai-German Highland Development	Research Institute, Chiangmai University, Thailand. She holds a
Program	Masters in Anthropology from the Ateneo de Manila University,
P O Box 67, Chiangmai 50000	Philippines. Jid has attended many national and international
Thailand	workshops and presented papers at the Asian Farming Systems
Fax 66-53-211 808	symposium, Farming Systems Development working groups of
	GTZ projects and other conferences.

Dr. Lope Calanog
Ecosystems Research and Develop-	Dr. Lope A. Calanog is a Supervising Science Research Specialist
ment Bureau	at the Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau of the
Department of Environment and	Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in the
Natural Resources	University of the Philippnes - Los Ba At present, he is the head
University of the Philippines at Los	of the Community Forestry Section of the Ecosystems Research
Ba College, Laguna 4031	and Development Bureau of the DENR. He has just completed his
Philippines	Ph.D. in Community Development. Soon, he will be completing a
	book tentatively titled Adaptive Traditionalism of a Swidden
	based Upland Community.

Roberto Dalmacio	Dr. Roberto "Bert,, V. Dalmacio is the Instruction Division Coor
UPLB Agroforestry Program	dinator at the UPLB Agroforestry Program, Philippines, and is
College of Forestry	also an Associate Professor in Silviculture and Forest Influences.
University of the Philippines at Los	He teaches graduate courses in silviculture and agroforestry and
Philippines	advises graduate students. He conducts research in the fields of
	silviculture and agroforestry. He also designs and coordinates
	training courses in reforestation and agroforestry and serves as a
	resource person in topics dealing with silviculture and
	agroforestry.

Alma Monica de la Paz	Alma Monica A. dela Paz is the Executive Director of the Kapwa
Executive Director	Upliftment Foundation, Inc., in Matina, Davao City, Philippines.
Kapwa Upliftment Foundation, Inc	Alma is currently a member of the board of directors of
427 Durian St., Juan Subdivision	PHILDHRRA, a national coalition of NGOs. She is one of 18
Matina 8000, Davao City, Philippines	private-sector representatives to the Regional Development Coun
	cil of Region XI as well as serving as a member of the Economic
	Development Committee of the Council. She also represents
	Kapwa in the Regional Upland Development Committee of the
	DENR.

Dr. Narciso Deomampo
FAO Regional for Asia and the	Dr. Narciso R. Deomampo is the FAO Regional Farm Manage
Pacific (RAPA)	ment Economist based at the FAO Regional Office in Bangkok,
Maliwan Mansion	Thailand. Before joining RAPA, Dr. Deomampo worked as an
39 Phra Atit Road	FAO Project Manager in Sri Lanka on Agricultural Marketing
Bangkok 10200, Thailand	Extension from 1985-1986. He was assigned as FAO Marketing
Fax 66-2-280 0445	Economist in the Northern Areas of Pakistan from 1987-1989. In 1990, Dr. Deomampo was the Chief Technical Adviser of FAOTCP Project in Chiangmai, Thailand, on Group Marketing and Extension. In 1991, he was appointed as Chief Technical Adviser of FAO/UNDP Marketing Project - Lesotho, Southern Africa for two years.

John Dixon
Programme Coordinator	John Dixon is a farmer from Queensland, Australia. He holds
FARM Programme	degrees in Rural Science, Agricultural Economics, Natural Re
FAO Regional Office for Asia and the	source Management and Sustainable Agriculture. He has worked
Pacific	for FAO in Africa, the Near East, Asia and its headquarters. He
Maliwan Mansion	now serves as coordinator of the UNDP/FAO/UNIDO Farmer
39 Phra Atit Road	centred Agricultural Resource Management Programme.
Bangkok .0200, Thailand
Fax 66-2-280 0445

Antonius P. Y. Djogo
Director	Antonius "Tony', P.Y. Djogo is the Director of Agricultural Poly
Agricultural Polytechnic-Kupang	technic, Kupang, Indonesia. He graduated from Bogor Agricul
Jl. Adisucipto, Pentui	tural University Indonesia in 1980 (from the Department of Soil
P O BOX 1111	Sciences] Faculty of Agriculture). He has attended several
Kupang 85011	trainings in-country and overseas. The research and development
Nusa Tenggara Timur	areas in which he specializes include: agroecosystem analysis,
Fax 62-391-31001	agroforestry and social forestry; dryland farming systems; and
	farmer-based dryland farming systems development.

Ines Vivian Domingo	Ines Vivian "IV,, D. Domingo is the Coordinator of the World
Southeast Asia Media Support	Neighbors - Southeast Asia Media Support Program. She is based
Program	in Bandung Indonesia. She coordinates the production of low-cost
Studio Driya Media	media in a variety of topics, including sustainable upland agriculture.
JI. Makmur No. 16
Bandung 40161
West Java, Indonesia

Patrick Durst	Patrick B. Durst is a Regional Forestry Officer for Asia and the
FAO Regional Office for Asia and the	Pacific at FAO, Bangkok, Thailand. Before joining FAO, he
Pacific (RAPA)	worked for nearly eight years with the Office of International
Maliwan Mansion	Forestry, USDA Forest Service—first as Special Projects Coordi
39 Phra Atit Road	nator for the Forestry Support Program, then as Coordinator for
Bangkok 10200, Thailand	Asia and Near East Programs and finally as Asia-Pacific Branch
Fax 66-2-280 0445	Chief.

Riri Fithriadi	Riri Fithriadi is the Agroforestry Extension Specialist of the FAO
Agroforestry Extension Specialist	Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Network (FAO-APAN). He joined
FAO Asia-Pacific Agroforestry	APAN in 1993 and was responsible for information and technology
Network	exchange, training, field activities and networking in Indonesia. In
JI. Gunung Batu 481	1990-1993, he worked with the Studio Driya Media in Bandung,
P O Box 481, Bogor 16004	Indonesia, as Associate Director for Research and Development
Indonesia	and was responsible for media development management and some field activities.

Dr. James H. French	Dr. James "Jim,, French is the Information and Training Specialist
Information Specialist	of the FAO Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Network (FAO-APAN).
FAO Asia-Pacific Agroforestry	Home is shared between New Hampshire, Bangkok and Bogor.
JI. Gunung Batu 481	Jim has lived in Thailand for 14 years and in Indonesia for 5 years.
P O Box 481, Bogor 16004	Most of this time was with UNDP working on rural development,
	Indonesia watershed management and rubber replanting programs. In Indo nesia, he worked with Winrock International on researchextension linkages and the Upland Agriculture and Conservation Project. His doctorate is in extension education and his masters is in communication.

Dr. O. Sunarya	Dr. Sunarya "Ooy" Hadiwisastra is an Agriculture Extension
Hadiwisastra	Specialist at the Agency for Agricultural Education and Training of
Balai Diklat Pertanian	the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture. He holds a Ph.D. in Devel
Proyek P4K Pusat	opment Communications from UPLB, Philippines. At the Agency,
JI. Harsono RM 3	Ooy serves as the project secretary of PHK (Income-generating
Jakarta 12560	activities for small farmers and landless).
Indonesia
Fax 62-21 -780 5209

Nguyen Huu Hong	Nguyen Huu Hong is a lecturer and researcher in upland rice,
Deputy Director	upland farming systems and agroforestry at the University of
Upland Farming Systems (R & D Center)	Agriculture, No. 3, Bacthai, Vietnam. He holds an MSc degree on
University of Agriculture No. 3	agronomy from Migazaki University in Japan. He is the deputy
Bacthai Province, Vietnam	director of agroforestry, research and development center for the
	northern mountains in Vietnam.

Dr. Kennedy Igbokwe
Water Resources Management	Dr. Kennedy Igbokwe is the Water Resources Management Spe
Speciaiist	cialist at the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction,
International Institute of Rural	Philippines. He graduated from Central Philippines University with
Reconstruction	a BSc degree in Agricultural Engineering and holds MSc and
Silang, Cavite, Philippines	Doctoral degrees in Agricultural Engineering with specialization in
Fax 63-96-402 0891	soil and water management from Central Luzon State University,
	Philippines. He is presently involved in conceptualizing and devel
	oping water resources/watershed management projects and participatory technology development for rainfed agriculture improvement in the semi-arid areas of India.

Michael Jensen	Michael Jensen is an Associate Professional Officer/Agroforestry
FAO Regional Office for Asia and the	of FAO-RAPA. He holds an M.Sc. degree on Agroforestry and
Pacific (RAPA)	Forest Ecology from Copenhagen University and the Royal Veteri
39 Phra Atit Road	narian and Agricultural University. Since 1992, he has been work
Bangkok 10200, Thailand	ing with FAO—first in the Regional Wood Energy Development
Fax 66-2-280 0445	Programme and then at the Forestry Section of RAPA, both
	located in Bangkok, with agroforestry as his main responsibility. He has previous working experience in ecological research in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Wu Jianjun
Associate Professor and Deputy	Wu Jianjun is the Deputy Director of the Agro-ecology Institute,
Director	Zhejiang Agricultural University, China. He has worked in the
Agro-ecology Institute	Institute since 1987 as an instructor, researcher and associate
Zhejiang Agricultural University	professor. In addition to teaching (crop production, groecology,
Hangzhou, 310029	specific topics on agroecosystems and integrated farming systems),
Zhejiang Province	he conducts research on Chinese ecological agriculture, farming
People's Republic of China	systems development on red soil hilly areas (uplands) and the
Fax 86-571 -604 9815	structure and mechanisms for integration of agricultural education,
	demonstration, training and extension.

Dr. Junus Kartasubrata	Dr. Junus Kartasubrata heads the Network Office of the Plant
Acting Head	Resources of South East Asia (PROSEA) Foundation in Bogor,
PROSEA Network Office	Indonesia. He holds a doctorate in Forestry from Bogor Agricul
c/o Research and Development	tural University.
Centre for Biology
LIPI, Jl. Ir. H. Juanda No. 22
P.O. Box 234
Bogor 16122, West Java, Indonesia
Fax 62-251 -336 425

Scott Killough	Scott Killough is the Director of the Environment, Natural Re
Director	sources and Agriculture program at the International Institute of
Environment, Natural Resources and	Rural Reconstruction. He has been involved in management of
Agriculture	research and training activities in upland farm management in the
Reconstruction, Silang, Cavite	Philippines, India, Guatemala and Ethiopia. Before joining IIRR,
Philippines	he worked with the Peace Corps in Guatemala and in the U.S.A.
Fax (632) 522 2494

Chun K. Lai	Chun Lai, Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Network (APAN) Regional
Regional	Coordinator, was born in Hongkong and raised and educated in the
FAO Asia-Pacific Agroforestry	U.S. He holds forestry/international forestry degrees from the
Jl. Gunung Batu 481	University of Maine at Oroneo and from Yale University. His
P O Box 481, Bogor 16004	professional experience includes assignments in the Northwestern
Indonesia	U.S. (U.S. Forest Service), West Africa (Peace Corps, Fulbright
	Program and USAID), Bangladesh (Winrock International) and Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Network—FAO network based in Bogor, Indonesia. His total experience exceeds 1 5 years in the field working on forestry and agroforestry.

Teunchai	Teunchai "Jai" Lakhaviwattanakul is a Professional Forest Officer
Lakhaviwattanakul	at the Royal Forest Department, Thailand. She is also the current
Chief, Agroforestry Branch	APAN National Coordinator in Thailand.
Office of Community Forestry
Forest Department
Pa halyoth in Road, Bangkhen
Bangkok 10900, Thailand
Fax 66-2-579 1718

Pearmsak Makarabhirom	Pearmsak Makarabhirom is a Technical Forestry Officer of the
Agroforestry Branch	Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand. He is also a Pro
Office of Community of Forestry	gram Officer of the Regional Community Forestry Outreach
Forest Department	Program of the Regional Community, Forestry Training Center for
Pahalyothin Road, Bangkhen	Asia-Pacific. He is experienced in agroforestry research and
Bangkok 10900	extension, community forestry and forestry extension.
Thailand
Fax 66-2-579 5416

Dr. Stanley Malab
Assistant Professor	Dr. Stanley "Stan,, C. Malab is a Professor and Director for Re
Institute of Sustainable Dryland	search at the Mariano Marcos State University, Batac, Ilocos
Agriculture, College of Agriculture	Norte, Philippines. His present assignments include: Professor of
and Forestry, Mariano Marcos State	Forest Science, Director for Research and Development; and
university	Concurrent Director of the Institute of Sustainable Dryland Agri
Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines	culture. He has conducted research on nitrogen dynamics on
Fax 63-77-792 3131	agroforestry systems, bamboo technology, sand dune utilization
	and computer modelling for agroforestry systems.

Dr. Evelyn Mathias	Dr. Evelyn Mathias is the Coordinator of the Regional Program for
IlRR, Silang, Cavite	the Promotion of Indigenous Knowledge in Asia (REPPIKA) at
Philippines	the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction. Her major
Fax (632) 522 2494	interests are in ethnoveterinary medicine, the use of indigenous
	knowledge in development, livestock development and the delivery of animal health care services. Before joining IIRR, she was a visiting lecturer at the Bogor Agricultural University in Indonesia. Dr. Mathias holds a Dr. Med. Vet. degree (equivalent to Ph.D.) in veterinary medicine and a DVM degree, both from Justus- Liebig University in Giessen, Germany. She has a Master's in International Development from Iowa State University, USA.

Dr. Paul Mundy	Dr. Paul Mundy is the Director of the Communication Division at
Director, Communication Division	the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction. A British
IlRR, Silang, Cavite	national, he worked as an editor in the Central Research Institute
Philippines	for Food Crops in Indonesia and in Egypt before joining IIRR. He
	has a Ph.D. in Mass Communication from the University of Wisconsin.

Nguyen Ba Ngai	Nguyen Ba Ngai is a Lecturer in Social Forestry at the Forestry
Lecturer in Social Forestry	College of Vietnam. He teaches forest management and social
Forestry College, Xuan Mai	forestry
Hatay Province, Vietnam
Fax 84-4-250 000

Bui Ngoc Quang	Bui Ngoc Quang is a Project Officer of CARE International in
Project Officer	Vietnam. He has experiences in community forestry in the northern
CARE international in Vietnam	mountainous provinces of Vietnam; agroforestry systems in the
130 A, Thuy khue	uplands; participatory rapid appraisal; and working with ethnic
Hanoi Vietnam	minorities at the community level.
Fax 84-4-2337 14

Dr. Hamish Richards	Dr. Hamish Richards is an executive committee member of the UK
Development Consultancy Services,	Freedom From Hunger Campaign. He has undertaken
Ltd.	consultancies for the UN Population Programme (project evalua
Heath, Cardiff CF4 4HG	tion); UNESCO (nonformal education); Pacific Commissioner
Wales, United Kingdom	(population/human resource development); ILO (population
Fax 44-1222-750 621	programme management and child care facilities); and European
	Community (plight of street children).

Dr. Walfredo Raquel Rola	Dr. Walfredo "Wally" Raquel Rola is an Assistant Professor at the
Department of Community and	Department of Community and Environmental Resource Planning
Environmental Resource Planning	at the University of the Philippines at Los Ba He has been
University of the Philippines	engaged by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) several times as
at Los Ba	an agricultural economist or financial analyst in reformulating and
College, Laguna, Philippines	evaluating projects in the Philippines, Nepal and Indonesia. Cur
	rently, he is serving as a management system and logistic specialist for an ADB
	funded Vegetable Integrated Pest Management Project in the Philippines.

Prem Sharma	Prem Sharma is the Regional Coordinator/Chief Technical Advisor
FAD-FARM	with FAO. He is also the Regional/Senior Scientist (Land-use) of
CTA, Watershed Management	CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica. He has authored over 40 publica
FAO office in Nepal	tions in watershed management, agroforestry, soil conservation,
P. O. Box 25, Kathmandu	irrigation, natural resources management for uplands in Asia and
Nepal	Latin America.
Fax 977-1-526358

Bishan Singh	Bishan Singh is the executive president of the Management Insti
PCSD Programme Manager	tute for Social Change. He has more than 30 years of experience in
Asian NGO Coalition	the NGO movement. He is the President of the Pahang Association
PO Box 3107	of Consumers, a post he has held for the last 20 years. He was the
Quezon City	past president of the Federation of Malaysian Consumers' Associa
Metro Manila, Philippines	tions and co-chair of the Education Committee of the International
	Organization of Consumers' Unions. Bishan was the first awardee
	of the "Consumer Advocate Award" of the Government of
	Malaysia.

Prof. Dr. Naik Sinukaban	Dr. Naik Sinukaban is the Head of the Soil and Water Conserva
Department of Soil Science	tion Laboratory at Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia.
Bogor Agricultural University
Jl Raya Pajajaran
Bogor
Indonesia
Fax 62-251-312708

Nguyen Van So	Nguyen Van So is a lecturer of the University of Agriculture and
College of Agriculture and Forestry	Forestry, Thu Duc Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. He holds an M.S.
Thuduc, Ho Chi Minh City	degree in silviculture and forest influences at the University of the
65/5a Nguyen Trong, Tuyen Street	Philippines at Los Bawith a minor in social forestry. His area
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam	of specialization includes plantation forestry, water and soil con
Fax 84-8-960 713	servation measures and social forestry.

Esther Velasco	Esther Velasco is IlRR's Gender and Development Specialist. She
Research Division	develops research and development programs and provides train
Internationai institute of Rural	ing aimed at improving gender equity in developing countries.
Reconstruction, Silang, Cavite	Before joining IIRR, she served as the Program Coordinator of the
Philippines	University of the Philippines at Los Ba Gender Program for
	Rural Development. Ms. Velasco has a master's degree in Sociol
	ogy, from Ateneo de Manila University.

Mr Tran Duc Vien	Tran Duc Men is a Lecturer and Researcher at the Center for
Centre for Natural Resources	Natural Resources Management and Environmental Studies,
Management and	University of Hanoi Vietnam
Environmental Studies
University of Hanoi
15 B Trieu Viet Vuong
Hanoi
Vietnam
Fax 844-2-66618

Balthazar Wayi	Balthazar Wayi is a Chief Land-use Officer at the Department of
Chief Land-use Officer	Agriculture and Livestock in Boroko, Papua New Guinea. He
Land-use Section	graduated from the University of Papua New Guinea in 1977, with
Department of Agriculture and	a Bachelor of Agricultural Science. In 1983, he obtained a post
PO Box 1863	graduate diploma in Agricultural Science from Massey University
Boroko	in New Zealand. In 1985, he was awarded an MSc in Soil Science
Papua New Guinea	at the State University of Ghent in Belgium. His field of expertise
Fax 675 - 214354	is soil survey, soil classification, level land suitability evaluation
	and land-use planning.

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Information	sity and specialized in forestry botany. She now works at the
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Fax 86-1-258 2317

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References for each chapter

Introduction

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Melink, W., Y.S. Rao and K.G. MacDicken. (eds.) 1991. Agroforestry in Asia and the Pacific. RAPA. pp 182193 and 297-300.

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Overview of upland issues and approaches

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2 Integrated upland systems management and

3 Soil and water conservation approaches

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PCARRD. 1977. The Philippine Recommends for Soil Conservation.

PURC. 1990. Soil Erosion Control Measures for the Uplands. Philippine Uplands Resource Center. De La Salle UniversityResearch Center. Manila, Philippines.

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UPLB Agroforestry Program and Kapwa Upliftment Foundation, Inc. 1994. Soil and Water Conservation Management. Philippines.

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Vo Tong Xuan. Upland Farming Systems Development in Vietnam. Dr. Agr., University of Can Tho, Hau giang, Vietnam.

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4 Diagnostic methods and tools

Ashby, Jacqueline A. 1990. Evaluating Technology with Farmers: A Handbook. CIAT. Cali, Colombia. pp. 95.

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Chambers, R. 1992. Rural Appraisal: Rapid, Relaxed and Participatory Discussion Paper 311. Institute of Development Studies, United Kingdom.

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Lai, C.K. 1993. Overview of Participatory Methods and Techniques for Agroforestry Training and Research. Paper presented at the Regional Training Workshop for Technical and Extension Level Agroforestry Trainers in Asia-Pacific, 14-27 November 1993. Khon Kaen, Thailand.

Mathias, Evelyn. 1994. Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Development. IIRR Working Paper No. 53. International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Silang, Cavite, Philippines.

McCorkle, Constance M. 1989. Toward a Knowledge of a Local Knowledge and I's Importance for Agricultural R&D. Agriculture and Human Values 6(3):4-12.

Molnar, A. 1989. Community Forestry: Rapid Appraisal. Community Forestry Note 3. FAO, Rome.

Negi, Biju. 1994. Seeds for Life. ILK A Newsletter 10(1):6-7.

Paris, Thelma. 1992. Integrating the Gender Variable in Farming Systems Research. RAPE Regional Expert Consultation Data Base for Women in Agriculture and Rural Development.

Philippine National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women and the National Economic and Development Authority. 1993. Guidelines for Developing and Implementing Gender-responsive Projects and Programs.

Raintree, J.B. 1987. D & D User's Manual—An Introduction to Agroforestry Diagnosis and Design. ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya.

Stephens, Alexandra and Kees Putman. 1990. Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation: A Handbook for Training Field Workers. Bangkok. FAO-RAPA. pp 49.

Tan-Kim-Yong, U. (unpublished). A Diversity-sensitive Method: Situation-specific Analysis (SSA). Lecture notes for training course. (personal communication)

Tangtham, N. 1990 Environmental Land Use Planning: A Special Reference to Land Use Planning for Erosion/Sedimentation and Flash Flood Hazard Prevention. Paper prepared for Training Course on Control of Soil Erosion and Sedimentation and Flash Flood Hazard at Agricultural Development Research Center in Northeast, Khon Kaen Thailand. 19 June - 6 July, 1 990.

Theis, J. and H. Grady. 1991. Participatory Rapid Appraisal for Community Development: A Training Manual Based on Experiences in the Middle East and North Africa. LED, Save the Children Federation.

Thomas-Slayer, Barbara, Andrea Lee Esser and M. Dale Shields. 1993. Tools of Gender Analysis: A Guide to Field Methods for Bringing Gender into Sustainable Resource Management.

UPLB Agroforestsy Program and Kapwa Upliftment Foundation, Inc. 1994. Agroforestry Project Planning and Management. Philippines.

Warren, D. Michael. 1991. Using Indigenous Knowledge in Agricultural Development. World Bank Discussion Paper No. 127. The World Bank, Washington, U.S.A.

Warren, D. Michael and Kristin Cashman. 1988. Indigenous Knowledge for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development. Gatekeeper Series Paper No. 10. Sustainable Agriculture Program, IIED, London, United Kingdom.

Wiersum, FK. 1989. Use of Local Knowledge for Tree Growing. In: Department of Forest Management, Forestry and Rural Development. Lecture Notes of Course F550-121. Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Wijewardene, R. and P. Waidyanatha. 1984. Systems, Techniques and Tools for Conservation Farming for Small Farmers in the Humid Tropics. The Commonwealth Secretariat, Marlborough House, Pall Mall, London SW I England. 39pp.

5 Extension and linkage strategies

ETC. 1991. Learning for Peoplecentered Technology Development: A Training Guide.

ETC. 1993. Food and Agricultural Marketing Extension: Concept, Approaches and Methods AFMA General Assembly Meeting, Beijing, P.R. China.

Article by I.V. Domingo and is largely based on the following materials: Trip Report to a Farmer Quarterly Meeting in Sumba by Stefan Wodicka (16-06-94) and Farmer-to-Farmer Extension: Some Experiences of Yayasan Tananua by Patris da Gomez and Ilya Moeliono.

Ban, A.W. Van Den and H.S. Hawkins. 1988. Agricultural Extension. Longman Scientific and Technical and John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, U.S.A. p.9.

Baguinon, Nestor. 1989. Neglected Species with Potential for Agroforestry. In Agroforestry Technology Information Kit. Philippines.

Bochnert, Joachim. 1988. Agroforestry in Agricultural Education with a Focus on the Practical Implementation. Germany: Verlag Josef Margraf. 182p.

Bonifacio, M. 1994. Images of Agriculture: Problems, Issues and Trends in Technology Transfer.

Bunch, Roland. 1985. Two Ears of Corn: A Guide to People-centered Agricultural Improvement. 2nd ed. Oklahoma City: World Neighbors.

Chambers, Robert, A. Pacey and L.A. Thrupp. (eds.) 1989. Farmer First: Farmer Innovation and Agricultural Research. ITP, London.

Cuyno, R. 1986. Agricultural/Rural Extension Experiences in Selected Countries of Asia. Unpublished Report.

Dixon J. and M. Boestrom. 1993. Farming Systems Approaches to Improving Agricultural Extension. Farrn Management Notes for Asia and the Far East. Regular Issue No. 17, December 1993.

Dyogo, A.P.Y. 1994. Indonesian Experiences of Sustainable Development: Working with the Participants of the Poor Population. Paper presented to International Meeting: Poverty and Environment Alternatives Against Destruction. POEMAUFPA. Belen Para Bonzil 5-10 June, 1994.

Djogo, A.P.Y. The Possibilities of Using Local Drought-resistant and Multipurpose Tree and Shrub Species for Agroforestry and Social Forestry in West Timor. Working Paper 32. EAP1. EastWest Center, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Djogo, A.P.Y., Y. Asa and V Nural. Promoting Agroforestry Techniques. Experiences with Participatory Development Process and Farmer-based Extension Strategies of NGO for Nusa Tenggara Tiung, Indonesia. Paper presented to Regional Expert Consultation on Farmer-toFarmer Adaptive Agroforestry Research. 4-10 October, 1992. Cebu City, Philippines.

Farrington, J. and A. Martin. 1988. Farmer Participation in Agricultural Research: A Review of Concepts and Practices. Agricultural Administration Unit. Occasional Paper 4. London: ODI.

Fisher, Larry. June 1992. Issues in Planning Natural Resource Management Interventions. World Neighbors. In Resource Book on Sustainable Agriculture for the Lowlands. SEASAN. Edited by Janet Durno, Ilya Moelyono, Ravadee Prasertcharoensuk.

Fisher, Lucy. Preserving Biodiversity in the Uplands of Sumba, Indonesia. Concept paper. World Neighbors.

French, J.H. and R.H. Gecolea. 1986. A Forester's Guide for Community Involvement in Upland Conservation with Special Reference to the Asia and Pacific Region. FAO, Rome, Italy.

Gorrez, David. 1992. Handbook on Rural-based Enterprise Development Training Modules and Their Applications. Philippine Council for Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Development. Los Ba Laguna, Philippines. March, 1992.

Jiggins, J. and H. de Zeeuw. Participatory Technology Development in Practice: Process and Methods. pp. 135-162

Malik, W. 1994. Country Report on Strengthening the Agricultural Extension Systems for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development.

Norse, D. 1988. Conference on Environment and Sustainable Development and the Role of Small Farmers.

Pretty, Jules N. and Rupert Howes. 1993. Sustainable Agriculture in Britain: Recent Achievements and blew Policy Challenges. IIED Research Series Volume 2, No. 1. London, United Kingdom.

Raintree, J.B. 1991. Socioeconomic Attributes of Tree Planting Practices. Community Forestry Note No. 9. Forest, Trees and People Programme. TAO, Rome.

Raintree, John B. and Herminia A. Francisco. (eds). 1994. Marketing of Multipurpose Tree Products in Asia. Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Baguio City, Philippines. 6-9 December 1993. Thailand: Winrock International. 358 pp.

Reijntes, C., B. Haverkort and A. Wateers-Bayer 1992. Farming for the Future: An Introduction to Low-external Input and Sustainable Agriculture. London: MacMillan Press.

International Institute of Rural Reconstruction. 1990. Resource Book on Sustainable Agriculture in the Uplands. Philippines.

Rhoades, R.E. and R.H. Booth. 1982. Farmer Back to Farmer: A Model for Generating Acceptable Agricultural Technology. Agricultural Administration. Vol 11, No. 4.

Roling, N. 1988. Extension Science: Information Systems in Agricultural Development. Cambridge University Press.

Sacay, O.C., D.H. Shapiro and R.H. Gecolea. 1971. Strategies in Rural Economic Development: A Case Study on the Five Philippine Villages. IIRR, Philippines.

Stephen, A. Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation. FAO Publication.

Stoney, Carol. 1992. Agroforestry Development in Nusa Tenggara.

Tripp, Robert. (ed.). 1991. Planned Change in Farming Systems: Progress in Onfarm Research. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. England.

UPLB Agroforestry Program and Kapwa Upliftment Foundation, Inc. 1994. Agroforestry Production and Postproduction Systems. Philippines .

Van den Ban, A.W. and H.S. Hawkins. 1988. Agricultural Extension. Longman Scientific and Technical. Longman House, London.

Werner, Jurgen. 1993. Participatory Development of Agriculture Innovations: Procedures and Methods of On-farm Research. Typo-DruckRobdorf Federal Republic of Germany.

World Neighbors. Small-scale Tree Planting. World Neighbors In Action. A Newsletter for Project Personnel.

6 Evaluation strategies

Ashby, Jacqueline A. 1990. Evaluating Technology with Farmers: A Handbook. CIAT. Cali, Colombia. pp. 95.

Asian Development Bank. 1978. Guidelines for Economic Analysis of Projects.

Cruz, Ma. C. J., A.J. Alcantara, W.D. Cruz, F.P. Lansigan, R.B. Mendoza and PK. Sajise. 1985. Philippine Upland Production Systems: An Integrative Analysis of Three Sites. IESAM, University of the Philippines at Los Ba College, Laguna, Philippines.

FAO. 1992. Financial Indicators as a Decisionmaking Tool in Designing Agroforestry Program. Chudleigh. Guidelines for Farm Systems Development.

Gittinger, Price. 1978. Economic Evaluation of Agriculture Projects. New York Press, New York, New York, U.S.A.

Maligalig, Bienvenido and Carmelita Villamor. 1993. Sustainability Assessment of Livelihood Project. Paper presented during the CARP-ISF R&D Program Yearend Assessment and Planning Workshop. Patio Acerado, Barangay Pansol, Calamba, Laguna, Philippines. January 13-14, 1994.

Nijkamp, P. 1977. Theory and Application of Environmental Economics. Elsevier NorthHolland, Inc. 52, Vanderbuilt Avenue, New York, NY 110017, U.S.A.

Ortolano, L. 1984. Environmental Planning and Decision-making. John Wiley and Sons, New York, U.S.A.

Raab, R.T., B.E. Swanson, T.L. Wentling and C.D. Clark. 1987. A Trainer's Guide to Evaluation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.

Raintree, J.B. 1981. Bioeconomic Considerations in the Design of Agroforestry Intercropping Systems. ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya.

Raintree, J.B. 1991. Socioeconomic Attributes of Tree Planting Practices. Community Forestry Note No. 9. I vest, Trees and People Programme. FAO, Rome, Italy.

RAPA. 1989111. Guidelines for Farming Systems Program.

Suler, Pretty and Rupert Hower. (eds). 1993. Sustainable Agriculture in Britain: Recent Achievement and New Policy Challenge. IIED Research Service. Vol. 2 No. 1. London, United Kingdom.