Small-Scale Processing of Fish (ILO - WEP, 1982, 140 p.): CHAPTER II. SALTING - DRYING - FERMENTING: III. DRYING: III.2. Natural drying

Small-Scale Processing of Fish (ILO - WEP, 1982, 140 p.)

(introduction...)

Acknowledgements

Preface

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

(introduction...)

I. FISH SPECIES

II. PROCESSING METHODS

III. PREVENTION OF LOSSES AND SPOILAGE OF FISH

(introduction...)

III.1. Prevention of spoilage of fish before processing

III.2. Prevention of spoilage of fish during processing

III.3. Prevention of spoilage of fish after processing

CHAPTER II. SALTING - DRYING - FERMENTING

(introduction...)

I. FISH PREPARATION

(introduction...)

I.1. Equipment for fish preparation

I.2. Gutting and splitting methods

II. SALTING

(introduction...)

II.1. Kench salting

II.2. Pickle curing

II.3. Brine salting

II.4. Salt quality

III. DRYING

III.1. Basic principles

III.2. Natural drying

III.3. Artificial drying

III.4. Solar drying

IV. PACKAGING AND STORAGE

V. METHODS OF PREPARATION

(introduction...)

V.1. Dried/salted fish

V.2. Dried-unsalted fish

V.3. Dried/salted shark

VI. GENERAL PLAN FOR A FISH CURING YARD

VII. FERMENTED FISH PRODUCTS

(introduction...)

VII.1. Products which retain substantially the original form of the fish

VII.2. Fish paste products

VII.3. Liquid fish products

VII.4. Packaging

CHAPTER III. FISH SMOKING AND BOILING

(introduction...)

I. SMOKING

(introduction...)

I.1. Fish preparation prior to smoking

I.2. Cold smoking

I.3. Hot smoking

I.4. Fuel

I.5. Smoking kilns

I.6. Preparation of some smoked fish products

I.7. Packaging and storage of smoked fish

II. BOILED FISH PRODUCTS

(introduction...)

II.1. Traditional processing methods

II.2. Quality of boiled fish products

CHAPTER IV. THERMAL PROCESSING

(introduction...)

I. RAW MATERIALS

II. ENERGY AND MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS

III. PROCESSING OPERATIONS

III.1. Filling and sealing

III.2. Sterilisation

III.3. Cooling

IV. QUALITY CONTROL

V. POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES TO THE USE OF METAL CANS

(introduction...)

V.1. Reusable container

V.2. New developments in aseptic (retortable) pouches

CHAPTER V. ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES: EVALUATION, EMPLOYMENT GENERATION AND MANPOWER TRAINING

(introduction...)

I. ASSESSMENT OF COSTS

II. SALTING AND DRYING

III. SMOKING

IV. THERMAL PROCESSING

V. EMPLOYMENT IMPACT OF ALTERNATIVE FISH PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES

VI. ASSISTANCE TO THE SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES SECTOR: MANPOWER TRAINING AND SUPPORTING SERVICES

(introduction...)

VI.1. The socio-economic framework

VI.2. Infrastructural requirements

VI.3. Organisation of production and marketing of fresh and cured fish

VI.4. Extension services and training

CHAPTER VI. IMPACT OF SMALL SCALE FISH PROCESSING OPERATIONS ON THE ENVIRONMENT

(introduction...)

I. FISH RESOURCES

II. WASTE DISPOSAL

III. AIR POLLUTION

IV. CONCLUDING REMARKS ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I. Codex Codes and Standards issued by the Secretariat of the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, FAO, Rome.

APPENDIX II. Bibliographical references

QUESTIONNAIRE

OTHER ILO PUBLICATIONS

BACK COVER

III.2. Natural drying

Natural or air drying uses the combined action of the sun and wind without the help of equipment. It is important to dry the fish quickly before they spoil, and that all surfaces of the fish be open to the drying action of the wind. Where only a few large fish are to be dried, this may be done by hanging the fish up. Split fish may be hung on hooks, by tying them up with string, or by tying the fish in pairs by the tail and hanging them across a pole or line.

Large quantities of fish should be dried on racks. Suitable materials for drying racks include chicken wire, old fishing nets, and thin rods or poles such as reeds or sections of bamboo. The surface of the racks should be at a height of about 1 m from the ground and should slop if split large fish are to be dried. A flat surface is preferred for drying small intact fish. Designs for fixed drying racks are shown in Figure II.2. These racks can be easily covered with plastic sheets to protect the drying fish from the rain. Where large quantities of very small fish are to be dried, a netting rack may be impractical. Suitable drying surfaces may be made instead, with raised floors of wood, concrete, bamboo strip or, where none of these materials are available, well compacted clay.

In the tropics, the air is relatively dry during the day (unless it rains) and relatively wet during the night. From sunrise until about midday, the air becomes gradually drier and, becoming wet again from midday to nightfall. The drying rate - especially in the case of salted fish - is therefore the highest from about 8 or 9 o’clock in the morning to 4 or 5 o’clock in the afternoon. Fish which have been set to dry during the day should be collected, and stored overnight to avoid them becoming wet by dew or rain. The fish in storage should be piled in a similar manner as for dry salting although no further salt should be added. Wooden boards, weighted with clean rocks or other suitable material, should be placed on the pile of fish in order to flatten them and give them a better appearance. This use of pressure will also speed up the process by which water moves from the inside of the fish to the outside so that they will dry more rapidly when set out the following morning.

Figure II.2. Fixed drying racks with flat and slanding tops