 | Ecotourism and other Services Derived from Forests in the Asia- Pacific Region: Outlook to 2010. (FAO - Forestry, 1997) |
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| | INFORMATION NOTE ON ASIA-PACIFIC FORESTRY SECTOR OUTLOOK STUDY |
| | ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
| | A NOTE ON LANGUAGE |
| | 1. INTRODUCTION |
|  | 2. SERVICES PROVIDED BY FORESTS |
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| | 2.1 Categories Of Services |
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| | Ecological services |
| | Economic services |
| | Sociocultural services |
| | Scenic and landscape services and values |
| | The relative importance of the various services |
| | 2.2 Relationship Between Services of Forests and Forest Production |
| | 2.3 Institutional and Policy Environment |
| | 2.4 Issues In Maintenance of Services of Forests |
| | 2.5 Summary of Issues Related to Services Provided by Forests |
| | 3. ECOTOURISM |
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| | 3.1 Ecotourism, Definitions, Concepts and Visitor Types |
| | 3.2 Actors in the Ecotourism “System” |
| | 3.3 Overview of Tourism and Ecotourism in the Asia-Pacific Region |
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| | Tourism in the Region |
| | Future Growth in Tourism in the Region |
| | Ecotourism in the Region |
| | Past and Future Ecotourism Growth in the Region |
| | 3.4 The Dimensions of Ecotourism |
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| | Environmental Dimension |
| | Experiential Dimension |
| | Sociocultural Dimension |
| | Economic Dimension |
| | 4. OUTLOOK: ISSUES, TRENDS, IMPLICATIONS, AND OPTIONS |
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| | 4.1 Preserving Services Derived from the Forest: Protected Area and Social Forestry Approaches |
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| | Protected areas and their management |
| | Movements towards a community/social forestry approach |
| | 4.2 Need for Increased Research and Utilization of Results |
| | 4.3 Importance of Social Issues in Management |
| | 4.4 Continued Funding Difficulties in Natural Areas |
| | 4.5 Ecotourism Management: Low Level of Funding and Reliance on Simplistic Strategies Like Carrying Capacity |
| | 4.6 Growth in International and Domestic Visitation |
| | 4.7 Change in the Visitor Market |
| | 4.8 Continued or Increased Competition, Particularly for International Visitors |
| | 4.9 Importance of Interpretation |
| | 4.10 Importance of Partnerships Among Ecotourism Actors |
| | 4.11 Greater Private Sector Roles in Management of Natural Areas |
| | 4.12 Pressure to Use Natural Areas for Activities that are Not Nature-Dependent |
| | 4.13 Professionalization of Operators and Desire to Exclude Those Not Meeting Professional Criteria |
| | 4.14 Tendency for Dominance by Larger Operators and Those Located in Regional or National Centres |
| | 4.15 Summary of Issues, Trends, Implications, and Options |
| | REFERENCES |
| | ANNEX - COUNTRY ECOTOURISM NOTES |
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| | COUNTRY NOTE: AUSTRALIA |
| | COUNTRY NOTE: CHINA |
| | COUNTRY NOTE: INDIA |
| | COUNTRY NOTE: INDONESIA |
| | COUNTRY NOTE: MALAYSIA |
| | COUNTRY NOTE: NEPAL |
| | COUNTRY NOTE: POHNPEI |
| | COUNTRY NOTE: THAILAND |
2.5 Summary of Issues Related to Services Provided by Forests
Dominant values of forests have come to be equated with economic resources in an extractive industry that has contributed to forest loss regionally. As part of this, the social, cultural and ecological components of services of forests have been largely unrecognized or ignored.
The search for economic development in the region is an important one, but pathways towards development have environmental and social costs in terms of the destruction of services of forests. In this context, one person or group’s economic development can be another person’s or group’s loss of culture, religion or beliefs. Attempts at drawing some people into the economic mainstream may result in the marginalization of others.
What is needed is a mechanism whereby the diversity of services that forests provide can be protected, while forests can still provide economic benefit to local and indigenous people, countries and others within the region. Such an approach would need to recognize the diversity of services from forests, but would also need to recognize the sociocultural basis for these services, especially as they relate to indigenous and local people’s rights. It would need to broaden out the predominant concept of forests that emphasizes economic considerations to include broader functions as well as provide a means to replace, at least partially, the economic benefits that have to be foregone to maintain the broad range of services of forests. It would also need to ensure that economic and social development occurs within the region by emphasizing the rights of local people. Ecotourism can be one such mechanism.
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