 | Sourcebook of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in some Asian Countries (UNEP-IETC, 1998) |
 |  | (introduction...) |
| | Foreword |
|  | Part A - Introduction |
| | 1. The freshwater imperative |
| | 2. Objectives |
| | 3. Organisation of the source book |
| | 4. Survey methodology |
| | 5. Results of the survey |
| | 6. Recommendations of the workshop |
| | 7. Information sources |
| | Part B - Technology profiles |
| | 1. Water conservation technologies |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 1.1 Dual water distribution system |
| | 1.2 Evaporation reduction |
| | 1.3 Coconut pick-ups |
| | 2. Wastewater treatment and reuse technologies |
| | 2.1 Sewage reclamation using conventional wastewater treatment |
| | 2.2 Sewage reclamation using reverse osmosis |
| | 2.3 Wastewater treatment using wetlands |
| | 2.4 Wastewater treatment using duckweed |
| | 2.5 Wastewater treatment using lagoons |
| | 2.6 Other technologies of wastewater treatment and reuse |
| | 3. Freshwater augmentation |
| | 3.1 General rainwater harvesting technologies |
| | 3.2 Rainwater harvesting for drinking water supply |
| | 3.3 Rooftop rainwater harvesting for domestic water supply |
| | 3.4 Rainwater harvesting for agricultural water supply |
| | 3.5 Rainwater harvesting for irrigation water supply |
| | 3.6 Rainwater harvesting for community water supply |
| | 3.7 Rainwater harvesting for multiple purpose use technical description |
| | 3.8 Open sky rainwater harvesting technical description |
| | 3.9 Rainwater harvesting in ponds |
| | 3.10 Artificial recharge of groundwater technical description |
| | 3.11 Fog, dew and snow harvesting |
| | 3.12 Bamboo pipe water supply system |
| | 3.13 Hydraulic ram technical description |
| | 3.14 Development and protection of natural springs |
| | 3.15 Restoration of traditional stone spouts |
| | 4. Upgrading water quality |
| | 4.1 Desalination |
| | 4.2 Pond sand filtration |
| | 4.3 Biological pretreatment of raw water |
| | Part C - Case studies |
| | 5.1 Water conservation and recycling - Gujarat State fertilizer corporation, India |
| | 5.2 Traditional methods of soil and water conservation - coconut pick-ups, India |
| | 5.3 Use of reclaimed water - Hindustan petroleum corporation limited, India |
| | 5.4 Reclaimed city sewage as industrial water - Madras fertilizers limited, Madras, India |
| | 5.5 Rainwater harvesting - the Thai rainwater jar |
| | 5.6 Daungha rainwater collection water supply project, Nepal |
| | 5.7 Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater - Krishna Delta, India |
| | 5.8 Artificial groundwater recharge - India |
| | 5.9 Integrated water conservation - Bhilai steel plant, India |
| | 5.10 Drip irrigation - India |
| | Part D - Annexes |
| | Annex 1 - Additional references |
| | Annex 2 - Table of conversion factors for metric and U.S. customary units |
| | Part E - Institutional profiles |
| | The UNEP water branch |
| | Danish hydraulic institute (DHI) |
Annex 2 - Table of conversion factors for metric and U.S. customary units
This water quantity equivalents and conversion factor lists is for those interested in converting units. The right-hand column includes units expressed in two systems - US Customary and International System (metric). Units, which are written in abbreviated form below, are spelled out in parentheses the first time they appear. To convert from the unit in the left-hand column to that in the right, multiply by the number in the right-hand column. Most of the quantities listed were rounded to five significant figures. However, for many purposes, the first two or three significant figures are adequate for determining many water-quantity relations, such as general comparisons of water availability with water use or calculations in which the accuracy of the original data itself does not justify more than three significant figures. Quantities shown in italics are exact equivalents - no rounding was necessary. Regarding length of time, each calendar year is assumed (for this list) to consist of 365 days.
|
US Customary |
US Customary or Metric | |
|
Length | ||
|
1 in (inch) |
= |
25.4 mm (millimetres) |
|
1 ft (foot) |
= |
0.3048 m (metre) |
|
1 mi (mile, statute) |
= |
5280. ft |
|
= |
1,609.344 m | |
|
= |
1.609344 km (kilometres) | |
|
Area | ||
|
1 ft2 (square foot) |
0.09290304 m2 (square
metre) | |
|
1 acre |
= |
43,560. ft2 |
|
= |
0.0015625 mi2 | |
|
= |
0.40469 ha (hectare) | |
|
1 mi2 |
= |
640. acres |
|
= |
259.00 ha | |
|
= |
2.5900 km2 (square
kilometres) | |
|
Volume or Capacity (liquid measure) | ||
|
1 qt (quart, US) |
= |
0.94635 l(litre) |
|
1 gal (gallon, US) |
= |
231. in3 (cubic
inches) |
|
= |
0.13368 ft3 (cubic
foot) | |
|
= |
3.78541 | |
|
= |
0.0037854 m3 (cubic
metre) | |
|
1 Mgal (million gallon) |
= |
0.13368 Mft3 (million cubic
feet) |
|
1 Mgal |
= |
3.0689 acre-ft (acre-feet) |
|
= |
3,785.4m3 | |
|
1ft3 |
= |
1,728. in3 |
|
= |
7.4805 gal | |
|
= |
28.317 1 | |
|
= |
0.028317 m3 | |
|
1 Mft3 |
= |
28,317. M3 |
|
1 acre-ft (volume of water, 1 ft deep, covering an area of 1
acre) |
= |
43.560.ft3 |
|
= |
0.32585 Mgal | |
|
= |
1,233.5 m3 | |
|
1 mi3 (cubic mile) |
= |
1,101.1 billion gal |
|
= |
147.20 billion ft3 | |
|
= |
3.3792 million acre-ft | |
|
= |
4.1682 km3 (cubic
kilometres) | |
|
Speed (or, when used in a vector sense,
velocity) | ||
|
1 ft/s (foot per second) |
= |
0.3048 m/s (metre per second) |
|
= |
0.68182 mi/hour (mile per hour) | |
|
1 mi/hr |
= |
1.4667 ft/s |
|
= |
0.44704 m/s | |
|
Volume per Unit of Time (discharge, water supply, water use,
and so forth) | ||
|
1 gpm (gallon per minute) |
= |
0.00144 mgd (million gallons per day) |
|
= |
0.0022280 ft3/s (cubic foot per
second) | |
|
= |
0.0044192 acre-ft/d (acre-foot per day) | |
|
= |
3.7854 l/min (litres per minute) | |
|
= |
0.063090 l/s (litres per second) | |
|
1 mgd |
= |
694.44 gal/min |
|
= |
1.5472 ft3/s | |
|
= |
3.0689 acre-ft/d | |
|
= |
1,120.0 acre-ft/d (acre-feet per year) | |
|
= |
0.043813 m3/s (cubic metre per
second) | |
|
= |
3,785.4 m3/d (cubic metres per day) | |
|
1 billion gal/yr (billion gallons per year) |
= |
0.0013817 km3/yr (cubic kilometre per
year) |
|
1 ft3/s |
= |
2.7397 mgd |
|
= |
448.83 gal/min | |
|
= |
0.64632 mgd | |
|
= |
1.9835 acre-ft/d | |
|
= |
723.97 acre-ft/yr | |
|
= |
28.317 l/s | |
|
= |
0.028317 m3/d | |
|
= |
2,446.6 m3/d | |
|
= |
0.00089300 km3/yr | |
|
1 acre-ft/yr |
= |
892.74 gal/d (gallons per day) |
|
= |
0.61996 gal/min | |
|
= |
0.0013813ft3/s | |
|
= |
3.3794 m3/d | |
|
1 acre-ft/d |
= |
0.50417 ft3/s |
|
Volume, Discharge or use per Unit of
Area | ||
|
1 in of rain or runoff |
= |
17.379 Mgal/mi2 |
|
= |
27,154. gal/acre (gallons per acre) | |
|
= |
25,400.
m3/km2 (cubic metres per
square kilometre) | |
|
1 in/yr |
= |
0.047613 (Mgal/d)/mi2 |
|
= |
0.073668 (ft/s)/mi2 | |
|
1 (Mgal/d)/mi2 |
= |
21.003 in/yr (inches-of rain or runoff - per
year) |
|
1 (ft3/s)/mi2 |
= |
13.574 in/yr |
|
= |
0.010933
(m3/km2 (cubic metre per
second per square kilometre) | |
|
Mass (pure water in dry air) | ||
|
1 gal at 15° Celsius (59° Fahrenheit) |
= |
8.3290 lb (pounds avoirdupois) |
|
1 gal at 4° Celsius (39.2° Fahrenheit) |
= |
8.3359 lb |
|
1 lb |
= |
0.45359 kg (kilogram) |
|
1 ton, short (2,000 lb) |
= |
0.90718 Mg (megagram) or ton, metric |
Prepared by John -C. Krammer, US Geological Survey (National Water Summary 1990-1991)
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