 | Special Public Works Programmes - SPWP - Planting Trees - An Illustrated Technical Guide and Training Manual (ILO - UNDP, 1993, 190 p.) |
 |  | (introduction...) |
| | Preface |
| | Introduction |
|  | 1. Planning a plantation |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 1.1 What regeneration method to use? |
| | 1.2 What species to establish? |
| | 1.3 Whether to plant a single tree species or a mixture of several? |
| | 1.4 What type of planting stock to use? |
| | 1.5 What planting pattern to use and how many seedlings to plant? |
| | 1.6 When to plant? |
| | 1.7 How to protect the seedlings? |
| | 1.8 The plantation plan |
| | 2. Preparing the planting site |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 2.1 Clearing vegetation |
| | 2.2 Ground preparation |
| | 2.3 Marking where to dig the holes |
| | 2.4 Digging holes |
| | 2.5 Soil and water conservation measures |
| | 3. Handling seedlings |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 3.1 Packing and transport of seedlings |
| | 3.2 Storing seedlings |
| | 3.3 Quality of seedlings and grading |
| | 3.4 Stripping and trimming |
| | 3.5 Transporting seedlings from the road to the planting site |
| | 4. Planting techniques |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 4.1 Digging the holes |
| | 4.2 On-site distribution of the seedlings |
| | 4.3 Planting |
| | 4.4 Use of fertilizers |
| | 5. Adapting planting techniques to different site conditions |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 5.1 Favourable sites |
| | 5.2 Sites with high grass |
| | 5.3 Waterlogged sites |
| | 5.4 Dry sites |
| | 5.5 Eroding slopes and rocky sites |
| | 5.6 Steep slopes |
| | 5.7 Sand dunes |
| | 5.8 High altitudes with snow |
| | 6. Maintaining plantations |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 6.1 Weed control |
| | 6.2 Protection from grazing |
| | 6.3 Fire prevention |
| | 6.4 Protection from insects, diseases and rodents |
| | 6.5 Fertilizers |
| | 6.6 Replacement planting |
| | 7. Planting trees outside woodlots and forests |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 7.1 Trees in crop and grazing land |
| | 7.2 Alley cropping |
| | 7.3 Intercropping in rotation |
| | 7.4 Intercropping for tree planting |
| | 7.5 Shelterbelts |
| | 7.6 Road-sides and river-sides |
| | 7.7 Homesteads and public places |
| | 8. Organizing the work |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 8.1 Planning |
| | 8.2 Workforce |
| | 8.3 Labour requirements over the year |
| | 8.4 Worknorms |
| | 8.5 Coordinating the work |
| | 8.6 Tools and equipment |
| | 8.7 Supervision and control |
| | 8.8 Records to keep |
| | 9. Working conditions |
| | (introduction...) |
| | 9.1 Hours of work and rest |
| | 9.2 Nutrition and amenities |
| | 9.3 Wage systems |
| | 9.4 Training, job content and labour-management relations |
| | 9.5 Safety |
| | Appendices - Technical sheets |
| | Appendix 1 - Surveying and mapping of large planting sites |
| | Appendix 2 - Laying out and preparing soil and water conservation structures |
| | Appendix 3 - Survival count |
| | Some useful guides/handbooks |
| | Titles in the series of training elements and technical guides for SPWP workers |
8.7 Supervision and control
Supervisors and foremen are the key persons. They should ensure that the work runs smoothly in the field.
The bigger the workforce, the greater the need for supervision. One foreman is usually needed for ten to fifteen workers and one supervisor, usually a technician, has to be appointed for each worksite. The supervisor is responsible for organizing the workers, for giving clear instructions on the work to be done, for motivating and encouraging workers to perform well, and for controlling and correcting the work. The supervisor must know the methods and techniques used arid be able to demonstrate them.
The supervisor and/or the foremen should be responsible for controlling the quality of the work, the presence of the workers, instruction and training, the work achieved and the stock and maintenance of tools. The supervisor should also be responsible for checking that safety rules are kept, that working conditions are appropriate and that first aid equipment is available at the worksite. To effectively supervise the work, inspections have to be carried out on a regular basis at least once or twice a day. The work should be regularly checked and corrected. The better the control, the easier it is to correct problems when they are still minor.
To improve planning and coordination of the work, there must be regular feedback from the supervisors on the sites to the planners.
Supervision and control
Responsibility of the
supervisor
|
|