 | Global Economic Trends and Social Development (United Nations Research Institute for Social Development , 2000, 64 p.) |
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Tables
Table 1: Trends in GDP growth: Selected developing regions and indistrialized countries, 1965 - 1996 (average annual percentage growth)
|
Region/country |
1965-1980 |
1980-1989 |
1990-1996 | |
|
Low income economies (excluding China and India) |
4.8 |
2.9 |
1.4 | |
| |
· China |
6.8 |
10.2 |
12.9 |
| |
· India |
3.6 |
5.8 |
3.8 |
|
Middle income economies |
6.3 |
2.2 |
0.2 | |
|
Latin America |
6.0 |
1.7 |
3.6 | |
|
Sub-Saharan Africa |
4.2 |
1.7 |
0.9 | |
|
South Asia |
3.6 |
5.7 |
3.9 | |
|
East Asia and Pacific |
7.3 |
7.9 |
9.4 | |
|
All low and middle income economies |
5.9 |
3.1 |
1.9 | |
|
High income economies |
3.8 |
3.2 |
1.7 | |
| |
· United States |
2.7 |
3.0 |
2.5 |
| |
· Japan |
6.6 |
4.1 |
1.2 |
| |
· Germany |
3.3 |
2.2 |
1.1 |
|
World |
4.1 |
3.1 |
1.8 | |
Source: World Bank, World Development Report, various issues, Oxford University Press, New York.
Note: The World Bank defines income groups according to GNP per capita in 1994 as follows; low income $725 or less; middle income $8.955 or less; high income $8,956 or more.
Table 2: Growth of output and output per capita for advanced economies, developing countries and countries in transitions (10 - year averages)
|
|
1981-1990 |
1991-2000 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
1999 | |
|
World |
3.4 |
3.1 |
1.8 |
2.7 |
2.7 |
4.0 |
3.7 |
4.3 |
4.2 |
2.5 |
2.3 | |
|
Advanced economies |
3.1 |
2.3 |
1.2 |
1.9 |
1.2 |
3.2 |
2.6 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
2.2 |
2.0 | |
|
United States |
2.9 |
2.6 |
-0.9 |
2.7 |
2.3 |
3.5 |
2.3 |
3.4 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
3.3 | |
|
European Union |
2.4 |
1.9 |
1.7 |
1.1 |
-0.5 |
3.0 |
2.4 |
1.8 |
2.7 |
2.8 |
1.8 | |
|
Japan |
4.0 |
1.0 |
3.8 |
1.0 |
0.3 |
0.6 |
1.5 |
5.0 |
1.4 |
-2.8 |
-1.4 | |
|
Developing countries |
4.2 |
5.4 |
4.9 |
6.7 |
6.5 |
6.8 |
6.1 |
6.5 |
5.7 |
3.3 |
3.1 | |
|
Regional groups |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
| |
· Africa |
2.5 |
2.8 |
1.8 |
0.2 |
0.7 |
2.2 |
3.1 |
5.8 |
3.1 |
3.4 |
3.2 |
| |
· Asia |
6.9 |
7.3 |
6.6 |
9.5 |
9.3 |
9.6 |
9.1 |
8.2 |
6.6 |
3.8 |
4.7 |
| |
· Middle East and Europe |
3.0 |
3.5 |
2.7 |
7.0 |
4.0 |
0.6 |
3.7 |
4.7 |
4.4 |
2.9 |
2.0 |
| |
· Western hemisphere |
1.6 |
3.2 |
3.9 |
3.3 |
3.9 |
5.2 |
1.3 |
3.6 |
5.2 |
2.3 |
-0.5 |
| |
· Countries in transition |
2.1 |
-3.2 |
-7.4 |
-11.7 |
-6.4 |
-7.5 |
-1.1 |
-0.3 |
2.2 |
-0.2 |
-0.9 |
|
Output per capita |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
| |
· Advanced economies |
2.4 |
1.7 |
0.4 |
1.2 |
0.6 |
2.5 |
1.9 |
2.5 |
2.6 |
1.7 |
1.5 |
| |
· Developing countries |
1.9 |
3.6 |
2.9 |
4.1 |
4.5 |
4.9 |
4.3 |
4.8 |
4.1 |
1.6 |
1.5 |
| |
· Countries in transition |
1.4 |
-3.2 |
-7.6 |
-11.9 |
-6.5 |
-7.5 |
-1.1 |
-0.1 |
2.2 |
-0.3 |
-1.0 |
Source: IMF (1999).
Table 3: GDP growth rates in Asian and Latin American countries, 1955 - 1998 (annual percentage)
|
|
1955-1960 |
1960-1970 |
1970-1980 |
1980-1990 |
1990-1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 | |
|
Asia | |||||||||
| |
· China |
- |
5.2 |
5.8 |
9.5 |
12.4 |
9.6 |
8.8 |
7.8 |
| |
· India |
- |
3.4 |
3.6 |
5.8 |
4.5 |
7.5 |
5.6 |
5.8 |
| |
· Indonesia |
- |
3.9 |
7.6 |
6.1 |
7.0 |
8 |
4.6 |
-13.7 |
| |
· Korea, Republic of |
4.5 |
8.6 |
9.5 |
9.4 |
7.4 |
7.1 |
5.5 |
-5.8 |
| |
· Malaysia |
4.0 |
6.5 |
7.8 |
5.2 |
8.7 |
8.6 |
7.8 |
-6.7 |
| |
· Pakistan |
3.4 |
6.7 |
4.7 |
6.3 |
4.7 |
5.2 |
1.3 |
-3.3 |
| |
· Philippines |
4.4 |
5.1 |
6.3 |
0.9 |
2.2 |
5.7 |
5.1 |
-0.5 |
| |
· Sri Lanka |
|
4.6 |
4.1 |
4.0 |
4.5 |
3.8 |
6.4 |
5.0 |
| |
· Taiwan, POC |
- |
- |
|
- |
6.4 |
5.7 |
6.9 |
4.9 |
| |
· Thailand |
6.8 |
8.4 |
7.2 |
7.6 |
8.3 |
5.5 |
-0.4 |
-9.4 |
|
Median |
4.4 |
5.2 |
6.3 |
6.1 |
6.7 |
6.2 |
5.5 |
-1.9 | |
|
Latin America | |||||||||
| |
· Argentina |
3.1 |
4.2 |
2.2 |
-0.4 |
6.0 |
4.8 |
8.6 |
3.9 |
| |
· Bolivia |
- |
5.2 |
4.8 |
-0.1 |
3.8 |
4.7 |
4.2 |
4.7 |
| |
· Brazil |
5.5 |
5.4 |
8.4 |
2.7 |
2.7 |
2.8 |
3.2 |
0.1 |
| |
· Chile |
4.0 |
4.5 |
2.8 |
4.1 |
7.4 |
7.4 |
7.1 |
3.4 |
| |
· Colombia |
3.8 |
5.1 |
5.9 |
3.7 |
4.5 |
2.1 |
3.1 |
0.6 |
| |
· Ecuador |
4.5 |
- |
8.8 |
2.0 |
|
|
|
|
| |
· Mexico |
5.9 |
7.2 |
5.2 |
1.0 |
1.5 |
5.2 |
7.0 |
4.6 |
| |
· Peru |
4.1 |
4.9 |
3.0 |
-0.3 |
5.5 |
2.5 |
7.2 |
0.7 |
| |
· Venezuela |
6.3 |
6.0 |
5.0 |
1.0 |
3.2 |
-0.4 |
5.1 |
-0.7 |
|
Median |
4.3 |
5.1 |
5.1 |
1.5 |
4.1 |
2.8 |
5.1 |
2.0 | |
Source: Singh (1997) - updated with data from the World Bank (World Development Report), various years; IMF (1999).
Table 4: World output, 1990 -1998 (percentage change over previous year)
|
Region/country |
1990-1995a |
1996 |
1997 |
1998b | |
|
World |
1.9 |
3.3 |
3.3 |
2.0 | |
|
Industrialized countries |
1.7 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
2.2 | |
| |
· United States |
2.3 |
3.4 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
| |
· Japan |
1.4 |
5.0 |
1.4 |
-2.8 |
|
European Union |
1.3 |
1.6 |
2.5 |
2.7 | |
| |
· Euro area |
1.4 |
1.4 |
2.3 |
2.8 |
| |
· Germany |
1.7 |
0.8 |
1.8 |
2.3 |
| |
· France |
1.1 |
1.1 |
2.0 |
3.2 |
| |
· Italy |
1.1 |
0.9 |
1.5 |
1.4 |
| |
· United Kingdom |
1.2 |
2.6 |
3.5 |
2.1 |
|
Transition economies |
-8.2 |
-1.5 |
1.4 |
-1.3 | |
|
Developing countries |
4.9 |
5.8 |
5.4 |
1.8 | |
|
Latin America |
3.3 |
3.6 |
5.4 |
2.1 | |
|
Africa |
1.1 |
3.9 |
2.7 |
2.9 | |
|
Asia |
6.4 |
7.1 |
5.8 |
1.6 | |
| |
· China |
12.4 |
9.6 |
8.8 |
7.8 |
| |
· Other countries |
5.1 |
6.4 |
5.0 |
-0.3 |
|
Memo item: developing countries, excluding China |
4.0 |
5.2 |
4.8 |
0.8 | |
Source: UNCTAD (1999).
Notes: a Annual average.
b. Estimated.
Table 5: Growth in developing countries, by region, 1990 - 1998 (percentage change over previous year)
|
Region/country |
1990 -1995a |
1996 |
1997 |
1998b | |
|
Latin America |
3.3 |
3.6 |
5.4 |
2.1 | |
| |
· Argentina |
6.0 |
4.4 |
8.0 |
4.2 |
| |
· Bolivia |
3.8 |
4.4 |
4.2 |
4.5 |
| |
· Brazil |
2.7 |
2.9 |
3.8 |
0.2 |
| |
· Chile |
7.4 |
6.8 |
6.4 |
3.3 |
| |
· Colombia |
4.5 |
2.1 |
3.5 |
0.2 |
| |
· Mexico |
1.5 |
5.5 |
7.1 |
4.8 |
| |
· Paraguay |
3.2 |
1.1 |
2.4 |
-1.0 |
| |
· Peru |
5.5 |
2.2 |
7.8 |
0.8 |
| |
· Uruguay |
3.6 |
5.0 |
5.0 |
2.5 |
| |
· Venezuela |
3.2 |
-0.9 |
5.5 |
-0.7 |
|
Africa |
1.1 |
3.9 |
2.7 |
2.9 | |
| |
· Algeria |
0.4 |
5.5 |
1.1 |
3.4 |
| |
· Cameroon |
-1.4 |
4.0 |
5.1 |
5.0 |
| |
· Cote d’lvoire |
1.1 |
5.2 |
6.5 |
5.5 |
| |
· Egypt |
1.4 |
3.2 |
5.3 |
5.5 |
| |
· Ghana |
4.3 |
5.0 |
4.3 |
3.8 |
| |
· Nigeria |
2.7 |
3.8 |
3.8 |
2.4 |
| |
· South Africa |
0.8 |
2.5 |
1.7 |
0.1 |
| |
· Uganda |
7.5 |
6.0 |
5.5 |
4.0 |
| |
· Zimbabwe |
0.8 |
6.6 |
3.2 |
1.0 |
|
Asia |
6.4 |
7.1 |
5.8 |
1.6 | |
| |
· Newly industrialized economies |
6.9 |
6.3 |
6.0 |
1.8 |
| |
· Hong Kong, China |
5.5 |
4.5 |
5.3 |
-5.1 |
| |
· Korea, Republic of |
7.4 |
7.1 |
5.5 |
-5.5 |
| |
· Singapore |
8.5 |
6.9 |
7.8 |
1.5 |
| |
· Taiwan, POC |
6.4 |
5.7 |
6.8 |
4.8 |
| |
· ASEAN-4 |
7.0 |
6.9 |
3.7 |
-9.0 |
| |
· Indonesia |
7.1 |
7.8 |
4.9 |
-13.7 |
| |
· Malaysia |
8.7 |
8.6 |
7.7 |
-6.2 |
| |
· Philippines |
2.2 |
5.8 |
5.2 |
-0.5 |
| |
· Thailand |
8.3 |
5.5 |
-0.4 |
-8.0 |
| |
· ASEAN-4 (plus Republic of Korea) |
7.2 |
7.0 |
4.6 |
-7.3 |
| |
· South Asia |
4.5 |
7.3 |
4.7 |
5.7 |
| |
· Bangladesh |
4.1 |
5.4 |
5.9 |
5.7 |
| |
· India |
4.5 |
7.8 |
5.0 |
5.8 |
| |
· Nepal |
5.0 |
5.3 |
4.0 |
1.9 |
| |
· Pakistan |
4.7 |
5.2 |
1.3 |
5.4 |
| |
· Sri Lanka |
4.5 |
3.8 |
6.4 |
5.3 |
| |
· West Asia |
2.5 |
5.6 |
4.8 |
2.0 |
| |
· China |
12.4 |
9.6 |
8.8 |
7.8 |
Source: UNCTAD (1999).
Notes: a. Annual average.
b. Estimated.
Table 6: Rates of inflation in Asian and Latin American countries, 1960 - 1994 (average annual percentage growth of consumer price index)
|
|
1960-1970 |
1970-1980 |
1980-1990 |
1990-1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 | |
|
Asia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
| |
· China |
- |
- |
5.8 |
10.8 |
16.7 |
8.4 |
2.8 |
0.8 |
| |
· India |
7.1 |
8.5 |
7.9 |
10.1 |
10.2 |
9.0 |
7.2 |
3.0 |
| |
· Indonesia |
- |
20.5 |
8.4 |
7.4 |
9.4 |
7.9 |
6.6 |
60.7 |
| |
· Korea, Republic of |
17.4 |
19.8 |
5.1 |
6.3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| |
· Malaysia |
-0.3 |
7.5 |
1.6 |
3.7 |
3.4 |
3.5 |
2.7 |
5.3 |
| |
· Pakistan |
3.3 |
13.5 |
6.7 |
10.8 |
12.4 |
10.3 |
2.5 |
7.8 |
| |
· Philippines |
5.8 |
13.2 |
14.9 |
9.6 |
8.1 |
8.4 |
6.0 |
9.7 |
| |
· Sri Lanka |
1.8 |
12.6 |
11.0 |
9.5 |
7.7 |
15.& |
9.6 |
5.0 |
| |
· Taiwan, POC |
3.5 |
12.2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| |
· Thailand |
1.8 |
9.9 |
3.3 |
4.4 |
5.8 |
5.9 |
5.6 |
8.1 |
|
Median |
3.4 |
12.6 |
6.7 |
9.5 |
8.1 |
8.4 |
6.3 |
7.9 | |
|
Latin America | |||||||||
| |
· Argentina |
21.7 |
130.8 |
395.1 |
27.6 |
3.4 |
0.2 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
| |
· Bolivia |
3.5 |
22.3 |
318.2 |
10.9 |
10.2 |
12.4 |
4.7 |
6.5 |
| |
· Brazil |
46.1 |
36.7 |
284.4 |
1231.5 |
59.6 |
11.1 |
7.9 |
3.5 |
| |
· Chile |
33.2 |
185.6 |
20.5 |
15.3 |
8.2 |
7.4 |
6.1 |
5.1 |
| |
· Colombia |
11.9 |
22.0 |
24.8 |
23.8 |
20.9 |
20.8 |
18.5 |
18.7 |
| |
· Ecuador |
- |
14.4 |
36.7 |
41.0 |
22.7 |
24.4 |
30.6 |
36.1 |
| |
· Mexico |
3.6 |
19.3 |
70.4 |
13.1 |
35.0 |
34.4 |
20.6 |
16.7 |
| |
· Peru |
10.4 |
30.7 |
233.7 |
83.0 |
11.1 |
11.5 |
8.5 |
7.3 |
| |
· Venezuela |
1.3 |
12.1 |
19.3 |
34.2 |
59.9 |
94.9 |
50.0 |
35.8 |
|
Median |
11.1 |
22.3 |
70.4 |
27.6 |
20.9 |
12.4 |
8.5 |
7.3 | |
Source: Singh (1997) - updated with data from the IMF’s World Economic Outlook (various years).
Table 7: Living standards in East Asia, selected years, 1970 - 1996
| |
Number of people in poverty (millions) |
Headcount Index (per cent) |
Life expectancy (at birth) |
Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births) |
Net primary school enrolment (per cent) | |||||
|
Country |
1975 |
1995 |
1975 |
1995 |
1970 |
1996 |
1970 |
1996 |
1970 |
1995 |
|
China |
568.9a |
269.3 |
60b |
22 |
62 |
70 |
69 |
33 |
76 |
99 |
|
Indonesia |
87.2 |
21.9 |
64 |
11 |
48 |
65 |
118 |
49 |
76 |
97 |
|
Korea, Republic of |
- |
- |
- |
- |
61 |
72 |
46 |
9 |
>99 |
100 |
|
Malaysia |
2.1 |
<0.2 |
17 |
<1 |
62 |
72 |
45 |
11 |
84 |
91 |
|
Philippines |
15.4 |
17.6 |
36 |
26 |
57 |
66 |
71 |
37 |
>99 |
100 |
|
Thailand |
3.4 |
<0.5 |
8 |
<1 |
58 |
69 |
73 |
34 |
79 |
88 |
Source: World Bank (1998b).
Notes: a. Data are for 1978 and apply only to rural China.
b All estimates of poverty are based on $1 per person per day poverty line at 1985 PPP prices.
Table 8: Income poverty in developing countries, 1993 (poverty line at $1 a day a person, 1985 PPP
|
Region or country group |
People below the poverty line (per cent) |
Number of poor people (millions) |
|
Arab states |
4 |
11 |
|
East Asia and South-East Asia |
26 |
446 |
|
East Asia and South-East Asia (excluding China) |
14 |
94 |
|
Latin America and the Caribbean” |
24 |
110 |
|
South Asia |
43 |
515 |
|
Sub-Saharan Africa |
39 |
219 |
|
Developing countries |
32 |
1301 |
Source: UNDP(1997). Note: a. poverty line at $2 a day.
Table 9: Human poverty in developing countries (millions, unless otherwise indicated)
|
Region or country group |
Illiterate adults |
People lacking access to health services |
People lacking access to sate water |
Malnourished children under 5 |
Maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) |
People not expected to survive to age 40 |
|
|
1995 |
1990 - 1995 |
1990 - 1996 |
1990 - 1996 |
1990 |
1990s |
|
All developing countries |
842 |
766 |
1,213 |
158 |
471 |
507 |
|
Least developed countries |
143 |
241 |
218 |
34 |
1,030 |
123 |
|
Arab states |
59 |
29 |
54 |
5 |
380 |
26 |
|
East Asia |
167 |
144 |
398 |
17 |
95 |
81 |
|
Latin America and the Caribbean |
42 |
55 |
109 |
5 |
190 |
36 |
|
South Asia |
407 |
264 |
230 |
82 |
554 |
184 |
|
South-East Asia and the Pacific |
38 |
69 |
162 |
20 |
447 |
52 |
|
Pacific |
38 |
69 |
162 |
20 |
447 |
52 |
|
Sub-Saharan Africa |
122 |
205 |
249 |
28 |
971 |
124 |
Source: UNDP(1997).
Table 10: Indicators of the gender gap
|
|
Sub-Saharan Africa |
South Asia |
East Asia |
East Asia (excluding China) |
Latin America and the Caribbean |
All developing countries |
Eastern Europe and CIS |
Industrialized countries |
World |
|
Life expectancy (years) | |||||||||
|
Female |
51.5 |
61.2 |
71.3 |
74.9 |
72.1 |
63.5 |
72.9 |
77.8 |
65.4 |
|
Male |
48.5 |
60.7 |
66.9 |
68.0 |
65.9 |
60.6 |
63.2 |
70.2 |
61.8 |
|
Adult literacy rate | |||||||||
|
Female |
44.4 |
34.3 |
72 |
95.1 |
84.9 |
60.3 |
98.1 |
98.5 |
70.8 |
|
Male |
64.3 |
61.6 |
90 |
98.2 |
87.3 |
78.4 |
98.1 |
98.5 |
83.5 |
|
Combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio | |||||||||
|
Female |
38.4 |
43.2 |
55.9 |
76.4 |
68.6 |
51.6 |
76.5 |
83.9 |
57.1 |
|
Male |
46.6 |
59.6 |
61.9 |
82.2 |
69.0 |
60.3 |
73.3 |
81.5 |
63.9 |
|
Earned income share | |||||||||
|
Female |
35.5 |
25.3 |
37.7 |
28.1 |
26.9 |
31.7 |
40.2 |
37.7 |
33.3 |
|
Male |
64.6 |
74.8 |
62.3 |
72 |
73.1 |
68.4 |
59.9 |
62.4 |
66.9 |
|
Gender-related development index* |
0.374 |
0.412 |
0.626 |
0.823 |
0.729 |
0.555 |
0.749 |
0.856 |
0.637 |
Source: UNDP (1999).Note: * The gender-related development index (GDI) captures inequalities between women and men by adding three equally weighted indices - differences in life expectancy, educational attainment and income.
Table 11: Latin America - Economic activity, employment, wages and poverty, 1980 - 1995 (annual rates of growth and index)
|
Indicator |
1980 |
1985 |
1990 |
1995 |
|
Economic activity | ||||
|
GNP |
- |
0.6 |
1.9 |
2.9 |
|
GNP per capita |
- |
-1.6 |
-0.1 |
1 |
|
Inflation |
- |
134.8 |
487.5 |
279.4 |
|
Population and employment | ||||
|
Population |
- |
2.1 |
1.9 |
1.8 |
|
EAP total |
- |
3.5 |
3.1 |
2.6 |
|
EAP urban (%) |
66.9 |
70 |
72.8 |
75.3 |
|
Non-agricultural employment |
|
3.5 |
4.4 |
3 |
|
Rate of open unemployment |
6.7 |
10.1 |
8 |
7.8 |
|
Informality (%) |
40.2 |
47 |
52.1 |
55.7 |
|
Public employment (%) |
15.7 |
16.6 |
15.5 |
13.6 |
|
Wages | ||||
|
Real wages in manufacturing |
100 |
93.1 |
86.8 |
96.3 |
|
Minimum real wages |
100 |
86.4 |
68.9 |
70.1 |
|
Poverty | ||||
|
Percentage of poor households |
35 |
37 |
39 |
- |
|
Urbanization of poverty |
- |
91.3 |
82.9 |
NA |
Source: Tokman (1997).
Table 12: Labour market indicators for selected Asian economies
|
|
Unemployment rate |
Annual employment growth rate |
Annual labour force growth rate |
Annual GDP growth rate |
Annual growth rate of real wages in manufacturing |
|||||
|
|
1987 |
1993 |
1996 |
1987-1996 |
1993 -1996 |
1987-1996 |
1993 -1996 |
1993-1997 |
1997 |
1990-1996 |
|
China |
2.0 |
2.6 |
3.0 |
2.2 |
1.7 |
1.5 |
1.1 |
10.4 |
8.8 |
5.5 |
|
Indonesia |
2.6 |
2.7 |
4.1 |
2.2 |
2.3 |
2.4 |
2.7 |
7.1 |
4.6 |
- |
|
Korea, Republic of |
3.1 |
2.8 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.3 |
2.5 |
2.2 |
7.5 |
5.5 |
7.1 |
|
Malaysia |
7.3 |
3.0 |
2.5 |
3.8 |
4.4 |
3.3 |
4.2 |
8.7 |
7.5 |
4.6 |
|
Philippines |
9.1 |
8.9 |
7.4 |
3.1 |
3.9 |
2.9 |
3.4 |
5.0 |
5.1 |
-2.0 |
|
Thailand |
5.9 |
1.5 |
1.1 |
1.7 |
0.1 |
1.2 |
-0.1 |
5.6 |
-0.4 |
3.3 |
Source: ILO (1998).
Table 13: Impact of the East Asian crisis on households (using national poverty linesa)
|
Poverty incidence |
Indonesia |
Thailand |
Republic of Korea (urban) |
|
1997b |
11.0 |
11.4 |
8.6 |
|
1998 |
19.9 |
12.9 |
19.2 |
|
Change in average standards of living 1997/1998 (percent) |
-24.4 |
-13.6 |
-21.6 |
Source: World Bank (1999b).
Notes:
a Poverty lines of around $1/day in Indonesia, $2/day in Thailand and $4/day in the Republic of Korea.
b. Poverty incidence for Thailand as of 1996.
Table 14: Share of different regions in world manufacturing output since 1970 (percentage)
|
Country/region |
1970 |
1980 |
1990 |
1995 | |
|
Industrialized countriesa” |
88.0 |
82.2 |
84.2 |
80.3 | |
|
Developing countries |
12.0 |
17.2 |
15.8 |
19.7 | |
| |
· Latin America |
2.4 |
4.9 |
2.0 |
2.6 |
| |
· North Africa and West Asia |
0.9 |
1.6 |
1.8 |
1.9 |
| |
· South Asia |
1.2 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
1.5 |
| |
· East Asiab” |
4.2 |
6.8 |
7.4 |
11.1 |
| |
· Sub-Saharan Africa0 |
0.6 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
Source: Kozul-Wright (1997).
Notes: a. Including the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe and also South Africa.
b. Including China.
c. Excluding South Africa.
Table 15: Actual and projected regional per capita growth rates to reduce poverty by half by the year 2015
| |
Per capita growth rate needed to reduce poverty by half |
Real consumption per capita growth rate (%) | ||
| | |
Actual |
Projected | |
|
Regions |
($1/day) |
($2/day) |
(1991-1995) |
(1997-2000) |
|
East Asia |
1.2 |
1.9 |
6.9 |
2.0 |
|
Europe and Central Asia |
0.8 |
1.2 |
0.7 |
0.4 |
|
Latin America and the Caribbean |
1.8 |
2.7 |
2.0 |
0.3 |
|
Middle East and North Africa |
0.3 |
1.2 |
1.1 |
-1.4 |
|
South Asia |
1.3 |
4.5 |
1.9 |
3.7 |
|
Sub-Saharan Africa |
1.3 |
4.5 |
1.9 |
3.7 |
Source: World Bank (1999b).
Table 16: Standardized unemployment rate, 1964 - 1999 (average annual percentage
| |
1964-1973 |
1974-1979 |
1980-1989 |
1990-1999 |
|
United States |
4.5 |
6.7 |
7.3 |
5.8 |
|
Japan |
1.2 |
1.9 |
2.5 |
3.0 |
|
Germany |
1.1 |
3.2 |
7.0 |
9.0 |
|
United Kingdom |
3.0 |
5.0 |
9.0 |
7.3 |
|
Total of G-7 |
|
|
|
|
|
countries |
3.1 |
5.0 |
6.9 |
7.1 |
|
Total EU 15 |
2.7 |
4.7 |
9.0 |
10.3 |
|
Total OECD |
3.0 |
4.9 |
7.2 |
7.4 |
Source; Compiled from OECD (1995) and IMF (1999).
Table 17: Indicators of the growth of international economic activity, 1964 - 1994 (average annual percentage changes)
|
Period |
World export volume |
World FDI flows |
International bank loans |
World real GDP |
|
1964-1973 |
9.2 |
- |
34.0 |
4.6 |
|
1973-1980 |
4.6 |
14.8 |
26.7 |
3.6 |
|
1980-1985 |
2.4 |
4.9 |
12.0 |
2.6 |
|
1985-1994 |
6.7 |
14.3 |
12.0 |
3.2 |
Source: Rodrik (1999a).
Table 18: Weighted average tariffs by region and sector (per cent)
|
Product category |
Primary products |
Manufactured products |
All product categories | |
|
Latin America and the Caribbean | ||||
| |
·1980 -1983 (4 - country average) |
16.8 |
23.6 |
21.3 |
| |
·1984 -1987 (11 - country average) |
21.1 |
25.1 |
23.9 |
| |
·1988 -1990 (9 - country average) |
17.3 |
22.7 |
20.9 |
| |
·1991 -1993 (9 - country average) |
9.8 |
12.5 |
11.6 |
|
East Asia | ||||
| |
·1980 -1983 (5 - country average) |
10.5 |
21.6 |
18.2 |
| |
·1984 -1987 (7 - country average) |
10.0 |
18.1 |
15.8 |
| |
·1988 -1990 (7 - country average) |
11.1 |
18.0 |
15.7 |
| |
·1991 -1993 (7 - country average) |
9.9 |
17.1 |
14.7 |
|
Sub-Saharan Africa | ||||
| |
·1980 -1983 (13 - country average) |
24.4 |
32.8 |
30.2 |
| |
·1984 -1987 (13 - country average) |
20.1 |
23.5 |
22.6 |
| |
·1988-1990 (10 - country average) |
18.9 |
22.5 |
21.3 |
Source: Rodrik (1999a).
Table 19: Weighted average incidence of non-tariff measures by region and sector (per cent)
|
Product category |
Primary products |
Manufactured products |
All product categories | |
|
Latin America and the Caribbean | ||||
| |
·1984 -1987 (4 - country average) |
42.8 |
28.4 |
32.9 |
| |
·1988-1990 (9 - country average) |
48.6 |
20.9 |
30.3 |
| |
·1991 -1993 (9 - country average) |
16.1 |
1.8 |
6.6 |
|
East Asia | ||||
| |
·1984 -1987 (7 - country average) |
31.1 |
23.1 |
25.6 |
| |
·1988-1990 (7 - country average) |
18.8 |
8.3 |
11.8 |
| |
·1991-1993 (7 - country average) |
11.2 |
5.5 |
7.4 |
|
Sub-Saharan Africa | ||||
| |
·1984 -1987 (13 - country average) |
48.4 |
42.7 |
45.5 |
| |
·1988 -1990 (10 - country average) |
47.4 |
45.4 |
46.1 |
Source: Rodrik (1999a).
Geneva 2000 Occasional Papers
|
OPG 1 |
Civil Society, NGDOs and Social Development: |
|
|
Changing the Rules of the Game |
|
|
Alan Fowler, January 2000 |
|
OPG 2 |
Business Responsibility for Sustainable Development |
|
|
Peter Utting, January 2000 |
|
OPG 3 |
Public Sector Restructuring: The Institutional and |
|
|
Social Effects of Fiscal, Managerial and Capacity- |
|
|
Building Reforms |
|
|
Yusuf Bangura, February 2000 |
|
OPG 4 |
Women in Contemporary Democratization |
|
|
Shahra Razavi, February 2000 |
|
OPG 5 |
Globalization and Social Policy: The Threat to |
|
|
Equitable Welfare |
|
|
Bob Deacon, March 2000 |
|
OPG 6 |
Promoting Sustainable Human Development in |
|
|
Cities of the South: A Southeast Asian Perspective |
|
|
Adrian Atkinson, May 2000 |
|
OPG 7 |
The Political Economy of Pension Reform: Latin |
|
|
America in Comparative Perspective |
|
|
Evelyne Huber and John D. Stephens, May 2000 |
|
OPG 8 |
Reproductive and Sexual Rights: Charting the |
|
|
Course of Transnational Women’s NGOs |
|
|
Rosalind P. Petchesky, June 2000 |
|
OPG 9 |
Global Economic Trends and Social Development |
|
|
Ajit Singh, June 2000 |
GE.00-01720-June 2000-3,500 UNRISD/OPG9/00/7
The United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) is an autonomous agency engaging in multidisciplinary research on the social dimensions of contemporary problems affecting development. Its work is guided by the conviction that, for effective development policies to be formulated, an understanding of the social and political context is crucial. The Institute attempts to provide governments, development agencies, grassroots organizations and scholars with a better understanding of how development policies and processes of economic, social and environmental change affect different social groups. Working through an extensive network of national research centers, UNRISD aims to promote original research and strengthen research capacity in developing countries. Current research programmes include: Civil Society and Social Movements; Democracy and Human Rights; Identities, Conflict and Cohesion; Social Policy and Development; and Technology and Society. A list of the Institute’s free and priced publications can be obtained by contacting the Reference Center.
Geneva 2000: The Next Step in Social Development, 26-30 June 2000, combines the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on the Implementation of the World Summit for Social Development, and the Geneva 2000 Forum. Under the title “World Summit for Social Development and Beyond: Achieving Social Development for All in a Globalizing World”, the Special Session of the General Assembly is being held to review efforts to implement commitments made at the Social Summit in Copenhagen in 1995. The Geneva 2000 Forum is intended to be a platform for a wide range of actors to share experiences on innovative social and economic development policies and activities.
In preparation for Geneva 2000, UNRISD is undertaking a wide-ranging inquiry into five areas of policy and institutional reform that are central to creating an enabling environment for social progress. These include initiatives related to financing social development; democratization and public sector reform; mainstreaming gender in public policy; strengthening the role of civil society; and promoting “people-centered” sustainable development. Selected papers from each thematic area are published in this series of Occasional Papers, and all papers are being synthesized in a special UNRISD report for Geneva 2000.
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