The Long Road to Recovery: Community Responses to Industrial Disaster (UNU, 1996, 307 pages)

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Note to the reader from the UNU

Introduction

1 Improving community responses to industrial disasters

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Introduction

The nature of industrial disaster

Industrial disaster burdens

The evolution of responses

Routine disasters

Surprises

Coping with surprise

Reducing the impact of industrial disaster surprises: The range of choice

Recovering from surprise

Conclusions

Notes

References

2 Responses to Minamata disease

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Introduction

Who are the victims of Minamata disease?

Official recognition of Minamata disease and the initial response

Chisso's grip on the local community

The making of Minamata

Environmental destruction before Minamata disease

Neglect in preventing the spread of disease

Manoeuvres to avoid a ban on fishing

Obstacles to identifying the cause of Minamata disease

Efforts to halt the dumping of contaminated wastes

Problems associated with relief and reparations

Relief

Reparations

Measures to aid the fisheries

How the local community suppressed the victims

Conclusions

Editor's postscript

Chronology

Notes

References

3 Environmental contamination, community transformation, and the Centralia mine fire

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Introduction

Centralia: A dependent town

The Centralia mine fire

A stage model of industrial contamination

Conclusions

Implications

Recommendations

References

4 Seveso: A paradoxical classic disaster

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Introduction

Overview

The chemical release

Dioxin

The Seveso Directive

The European Community's institutional response to Seveso

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The Directive and its annexes

Other institutional effects of the Seveso Directive

The lessons of Seveso

A model for managing uncertainty

Modelling the Seveso disaster

Modelling the Seveso Directive

Modelling the Karin B incident

A moral paradox

A scientific paradox

Industrial accidents, industrial society, and recovery

Conclusion: ''Seveso'' - A paradoxical symbol

Acknowledgements

Chronology

Notes

References

5 Long-term recovery from the Bhopal crisis

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Introduction

The Bhopal toxic gas leak crisis

Antecedents and failures

Inside the plant

Outside the plant

A multiple-perspectives understanding of crises

Recovery of the victims and their community

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Medical recovery

Economic recovery

Struggle for compensation

Victims remain victims

Recovery of Union Carbide

Financial restructuring

Legal battles and the ''sabotage'' defence

Recovery of the government

Political management of the crisis

Learning by government institutions

Implications for long-term disaster recovery

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Crisis morphology

The permanence of victims

Revising stage models of disasters

Policy implications

Note

References

6 Iranian recovery from industrial devastation during war with Iraq

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Introduction

Military and strategic context

Impacts of the war on human health and long-term habitability of the region

Human losses

Environmental damage

Damage to human settlements and the economy

Recovery from war

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National reconstruction plans

Support from international organizations and local communities

Urban reconstruction

Housing reconstruction

Industrial reconstruction

Conceptual framework for a model of post-war reconstruction and industrial hazard recovery

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A reconstruction strategy

The reconstruction process

Improving recovery and policy implications

Notes

References

7 The Chernobyl disasters Its effect on Belarus and Ukraine

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Introduction

The accident and its immediate aftermath

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The accident is ''under control''

Focus on the West

International cooperation

The affected community

Regeneration and recovery

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Victim action groups

International aid

Towards a model for nuclear and industrial accidents

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Stages of crisis management

Three Mile Island, 1979

The international nuclear energy industry's response to Chernobyl

Summary

Suggestions for a general model of recovery from industrial accidents

Acknowledgement

Chronology

Notes

References

Media sources

8 The Exxon Valdez oil spill, Alaska

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Introduction

The oil industry and the spill

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The accident

Historical and cultural contexts

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The Katmai eruption

The great Alaskan earthquake

The oil spill: Community impact

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Psychological, social, and cultural impacts

The villages

Town responses

Recovery

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Litigation initiatives

The communities

Organizational responses

New risks

Other kinds of recovery activities

But, what is recovery?

Conclusions

Chronology of the first 10 days

Notes

References

9 Signposts on the road to recovery

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Surprising events and disquieting outcomes

Responding effectively to industrial disaster surprises

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Awareness

Information

Action

Recommendations

References

Contributors