Causes and Consequences of Intrauterine Growth Retardation, Proceedings of an IDECG workshop, November 1996, Baton Rouge, USA, Supplement of the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (International Dietary Energy Consultative Group - IDECG, 1996, 100 pages): Neurodevelopmental outcome of small-for-gestational-age infants: Discussion

Causes and Consequences of Intrauterine Growth Retardation, Proceedings of an IDECG workshop, November 1996, Baton Rouge, USA, Supplement of the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (International Dietary Energy Consultative Group - IDECG, 1996, 100 pages)

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Stockton

European journal of clinical nutrition

Foreword

Current growth standards, definitions, diagnosis and classification of fetal growth retardation

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Definitions

Diagnosis and misclassification

Growth-charts

Ultrasonography dating

Standardization of growth charts

Symmetric versus asymmetric growth retardation

Genetic factors

Conclusion

References

Discussion

Levels and patterns of intrauterine growth retardation in developing countries

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Introduction

Methodology

Results

Discussion

References

Discussion

Birth weights and stillbirths in historical perspective

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Introduction

Sources of evidence

Results

Discussion

Concluding remarks

References

Discussion

Biological mechanisms of environmentally induced causes of IUGR

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Introduction

Biomedical mechanisms

Hormonal regulation of fetal growth

Nutrition and placental functions

Maternal environment

Maternal disorders

Maternal nutrition and iugr

Interaction factors

References

Discussion

Reference

Socioeconomic determinants of intrauterine growth retardation

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Introduction

Socioeconomic disparities in IUGR: Mediating factors

Secular trends in IUGR and its determinants

Are there residual socioeconomic disparities in IUGR?

References

Discussion

Effects of intrauterine growth retardation on mortality morbidity in infants and young children

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Introduction

Definitions used

Types of IUGR

Association of low birth weight with diarrhoea

Association of low birth weight with respiratory infections

Differential effects in stunted vs wasted IUGR infants

Discussion

References

Discussion

Intrauterine growth retardation, body size, body composition and physical performance in adolescence

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Introduction

Literature review

INCAP longitudinal study (1969-77) and its follow-up study (1988-89)

References

Discussion

Neurodevelopmental outcome of small-for-gestational-age infants

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Problems of definition and interpretation

Cerebral palsy

Minimal neurologic dysfunction

Sensory loss or handicap

Conclusions

References

Discussion

Small for gestational age, term babies, in the first six years of life

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Samples

Socio-economic backgrounds

Studies in the first two years

Brazilian study

Studies of children from two to seven years

Comments on studies

Implications

References

Discussion

Effects of intrauterine growth retardation on mental performance and behavior, outcomes during adolescence and adulthood

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School age outcomes of young adolescents with intrauterine growth failure (Table 1)

Late adolescent and adult outcomes of low birthweight and intrauterine growth failure

Effects of IUGR on the development of very low birthweight children

Discussion and conclusion

References

Discussion

Fetal growth and adult disease

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1. Evidence for fetal origins of adult disease

2. Discussion

References

Commentary

References

Discussion

Nutritional interventions to prevent intrauterine growth retardation: Evidence from randomized controlled trials

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Introduction

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

Annex: Systematic reviews included

References

Discussion

Report of the IDECG group on definitions, classifications, causes, mechanisms and prevention of IUGR

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Definitions and classifications

Causes and mechanisms

Prevention

Report of the IDECG group on effects of IUGR on infants, children and adolescents: Immunocompetence, mortality, morbidity, body size, body composition, and physical performance

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Immunocompetence

Mortality and morbidity

Body size, composition and physical performance

Maturation

Policy implications

Research needs

Report of the IDECG/IUNS working group on IUGR effects on neurological, sensory, cognitive, and behavioral function

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Limitations of available evidence

Generalizations

Neurologic and sensory outcomes

Cognition

Research needs

Recommendations

Report of the IDECG group on variation in fetal growth and adult disease

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Current state of knowledge

Specific hypotheses and possible mechanisms

Implications for future research

Implications for public health

Discussion

Most studies of neurodevelopmental outcomes in IUGR babies have been conducted in industrialized countries. More information is badly needed from developing countries, where IUGR is a much larger public health problem and outcomes are more likely to be aggravated by obstetric complications and perinatal problems and later by poor health and nutrition as well as psycho-social deprivation.