Causes and Mechanisms of Linear Growth Retardation (International Dietary Energy Consultative Group - IDECG, 1993, 216 pages)

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European journal of clinical nutrition

Foreword

Introduction: Causes and mechanisms of linear growth retardation (stunting)

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References

Between-population variation in pre-adolescent growth

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1. Classifying human populations

2. Population differences in growth patterns

3. The validity of the concept of an international growth reference

References

Discussion

Prenatal influences on postnatal growth: Overview and pointers for needed research

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1. Introduction and background

2. Fetal growth

3. Intrauterine growth retardation

4. Small-for-gestational-age infants

5. Genetic and environmental factors

6. Reference values for fetal growth

References

Discussion

References

Linear growth retardation in relation to the three phases of growth

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1. Introduction

2. The three phases of linear growth

3. Measuring and monitoring linear growth in early life

4. Growth faltering in linear growth

5. Discussion

References

Discussion

Reversibility of stunting: Epidemiological findings in children from developing countries

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1. Introduction

2. The timing of stunting

3. Age at menarche

4. Continued residence in the environment that gave rise to stunting

5. Continued residence in the same environment with improvements in nutrition

6. Relocation from the environment that gave rise to stunting

7. Discussion and conclusions

References

Is complete catch-up possible for stunted malnourished children?

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1. Introduction

2. Duration of the insult

3. What is the height potential?

4. Bone age vs height age

5. Follow-up of malnourished children

6. Change of environment

7. Secondary malnutrition

8. Slave studies

9. Why do most subjects with post-natal stunting fail to catch up?

10. Summary

References

Discussion

References

Relationship of gain in height to gain in weight

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References

Discussion

References

Nutritional influences on linear growth: A general review

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1. The role of individual nutrient deficiencies in linear growth faltering

2. Dietary quality and linear growth

3. Nutritional explanations of early linear growth faltering

4. The impact of diarrhea, infections and parasites on growth

References

Onset and evolution of stunting in infants and children. Examples from the Human Nutrition Collaborative Research Support Program. Kenya and Egypt studies

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1. Introduction

2. The Nutrition Collaborative Research Support Program

3. Example of stunting: Kenya project

4. Example of stunting: Egypt project

5. Summary

References

Effects of macrobiotic diets on linear growth in infants and children until 10 years of age

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1. Introduction

2. Subjects and methods

3. Conversion into nutrients

4. Statistical analysis

5. Results

6. Recommendations for the macrobiotic diet

7. Two-year follow-up study

8. Discussion

References

Discussion of papers by Allen, Neumann & Harrison and Dagnelie et al.

Reference

Psychosocial adversity and growth during infancy

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1. Introduction

2. Study design and methods

3. Factors determining early and late faltering

4. Conclusions

References

Discussion

Reference

The cell biology of bone growth

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1. Introduction

2. The structure and function of bone

3. Skeletal morphogenesis and growth

4. Structure of the growth plate

5. Bone cells

6. Models for the study of skeletal development

7. Regulation of growth plate chondrocytes and bone cells

8. Regulation and mechanisms of cytokine action

Summary

References

Hormonal regulation of longitudinal bone growth

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1. Introduction

2. The cellular organization of the epiphyseal growth-plate

3. The effects of hormones and growth factors

4. The effect of nutrition on longitudinal bone growth

5. Summary

References

Discussion of papers by Price et al. and Nilsson et al.

Reference

Adequacy of dietary mineral supply for human bone growth and mineralisation

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1. Body content, biological role and childhood accretion rates

2. Likely manifestations of mineral deficiencies in children

3. Dietary intakes of children in developing countries

4. Supplementation studies

Conclusions

References

Discussion

The mechanical factors which influence bone growth

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1. Introduction

2. Historical perspective

3. Biomechanics

4. Clinical examples

5. Lengthening

6. Discussion

References

Influence of exercise on linear growth

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1. Introduction

2. Studies with weanling rats

3. Studies with children recovering from malnutrition

4. Conclusions

References

Discussion of the papers by Golding and Torun & Viteri

The effects of the inflammatory response on bone growth

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1. Systemic changes in inflammation - The acute phase response

2. Local changes in inflammation

3. Mediators of local changes-eicosanoids

4. Mediators of local changes - Cytokines

5. Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

6. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)

7. Interferon gamma (IFN?)

8. Interactions of osteotropic influences

References

Discussion

Biochemical markers for assessing skeletal growth

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1. Introduction

2. Biosynthesis of fibrillar collagens

3. Markers for bone and cartilage turnover

4. Bone resorption markers

5. Bone formation markers

6. Future studies

7. Concluding remarks

References

Discussion

References

Summary of causes and mechanisms of linear growth retardation

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Reference

Summary of research needs in the area of linear growth retardation

Guidelines for the study of mechanisms involved in the prevention or reversal of linear growth retardation in developing countries

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Introduction

Background

The design of research on stunting

Approaches to the study of stunting

Sample size

Potential experimental models for clinical trials

Examples of useful measurements

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