 | Energy and Protein requirements, Proceedings of an IDECG workshop, November 1994, London, UK, Supplement of the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (International Dietary Energy Consultative Group - IDECG, 1994, 198 pages) |
 |  | (introductory text...) |
| | Foreword |
|  | Energy requirements: general principles |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Energy expenditure as the basis for estimating energy requirements |
| | Methodology |
| | Importance of body composition |
| | Points of uncertainty requiring further research |
| | Summary of research needs |
| | References |
| | Discussion |
| | References |
| | Energy requirements of adults: an update on basal metabolic rates (BMRs) and physical activity levels (PALs) |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Introduction |
| | Variability in adult BMRs |
| | Predictive equations to estimate bmrs of adults |
| | Ethnic differences in BMR |
| | Effects of migration from tropical to temperate climate on BMR |
| | Adaptation and energy requirements |
| | Total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity levels (PAL) in adults: doubly-labelled water data |
| | References |
| | Energy requirements of infants |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Energy requirements of infants based on energy intake |
| | Compilation of energy intakes published before and after 1980 |
| | Total energy expenditure of infants |
| | Energy requirement for growth |
| | Energy requirements of infants predicted from total energy expenditure and growth |
| | Recommendations |
| | References |
| | Discussion |
| | Energy requirements and dietary energy recommendations for children and adolescents 1 to 18 years old |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Introduction |
| | Total daily energy expenditure (TEE) |
| | Estimates of basal metabolic rate to calculate total energy expenditure |
| | Time allocation to different activities |
| | Physical activity levels of children and adolescents |
| | Dietary energy intake |
| | General conclusions and recommendations |
| | References |
| | Discussion |
| | Energy requirements of pregnant and lactating women |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Introduction |
| | Pregnancy |
| | Recommendations for pregnancy |
| | Lactation |
| | Recommendations for lactation |
| | References |
| | Discussion |
| | References |
| | Energy requirements of older individuals |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Introduction |
| | Methodology for determination of total energy expenditure |
| | Total energy expenditure of older individuals |
| | Relationship between total energy expenditure and physical activity |
| | Effects of energy balance on nitrogen balance |
| | Summary of energy requirements in older individuals and recommendations for future research |
| | References |
| | Discussion |
| | Protein requirements of infants and children |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | 1. Introduction |
| | 2. Protein requirements of infants |
| | 3. Protein requirements of children and adolescents |
| | 4. Protein needs during catch-up growth |
| | 5. protein needs associated with infection |
| | 6. Assessment of protein quality of weaning diets |
| | 7. Future research needs |
| | References |
| | Discussion |
| | References |
| | The requirements of adult man for indispensable amino acids |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | 1. Introduction |
| | 2. The problem in defining requirements |
| | 3. Protein quality |
| | 4. The maintenance requirement (MR) |
| | 5.Diurnal cycling: the Millward-Rivers model |
| | 6. Theoretical basis of the MIT tracer balance studies |
| | 7. Technical problems of tracer balance studies |
| | 8. Results of the MIT tracer balance studies |
| | 9. Relation between leucine oxidation and nitrogen excretion |
| | 10. Factors relating to the design of tracer balance experiments |
| | 11. Breakpoint analysis |
| | 12. Effect of protein/amino acid intake on protein synthesis and breakdown |
| | 13. The colon: losses or gains? |
| | 14. Conclusion |
| | References |
| | Discussion |
| | References |
| | Protein requirements of elderly people |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Introduction: current dietary protein requirement recommendations |
| | Protein requirement studies in elderly people: previously reviewed data |
| | Protein requirement studies in elderly people: reassessment of previously reviewed data |
| | Summary |
| | References |
| | Discussion |
| | References |
| | Report of the working group on general principles of assessing energy requirements |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | General recommendations |
| | Research needs |
| | Report of the working group on energy requirements of infants, children and adolescents |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | General principles |
| | Infants |
| | Children and adolescents |
| | Methodological considerations |
| | Report of the working group on energy requirements for pregnancy and lactation |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Pregnancy |
| | Lactation |
| | Report of the working group on energy requirements of older individuals |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | General statement |
| | Recommendations on requirements |
| | Recommendations for future research |
| | Report of the working group on protein and amino acid requirements |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Infants |
| | Infection and catch-up growth |
| | Children and adolescents |
| | Adults |
| | Elderly |
| | Research needs: Infants and children |
| | Research needs: adults |
| | Appendix Criteria for valid nitrogen balance measurement of protein requirements |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Long-term studies |
| | Analysis of multilevel short-term balance studies |
| | References |
References
Calloway DH, Odell ACF & Margen S (1971): Sweat and miscellanous nitrogen losses in human balance studies. J. Nutr. 101, 775786.
Calloway DH & Spector H (1954): Nitrogen balance is related to caloric and protein intake in active young men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2 405-412.
Durkin N. Ogar DA, Tilve SG & Margen S (1984): Human protein requirements: autocorrelation and adaptation to a low-protein diet. In Protein-energy-reguirement studies in developing countries: results of international research, eds WM Rand, R Uany & NS Scrimshaw Fd Nutr. Bull., Suppl. 10, pp. 57-62.
FAO/WHO/UNU (1985): Energy and protein requirements. Technical Report Series 724. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Garza C, Scrimshaw NS & Young VR (1976): Human protein requirements: The effect of variations in energy intake within the maintenance range. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 29, 280-287.
Garza C, Scrimshaw NS & Young VR (1977a): Human protein requirements: a long term metabolic nitrogen balance study in young men to evaluate the 1973 FAO/WHO safe level of egg protein intake. J. Nutr. 107, 335352.
Garza C, Scrimshaw NS & Young VR (1977b): Human protein requirements: evaluation of the 1973 FAO/WHO safe level of protein intake for young men at high energy intakes. Br. J. Nutr. 37, 403-420.
Inoue G. Fujita Y & Niiyama Y (1973): Studies on protein requirements of young men fed egg protein and rice protein with excess and maintenance energy intakes. J. Nutr. 103, 1673-1687.
Pellett PL & Young VR (1992): The effects of different levels of energy intake on protein metabolism and of different levels of protein intake on energy metabolism: a statistical evaluation from the published literature. In Protein-energy interactions, eds NS Scrimshaw & B Schürch Lausanne, Switzerland: international Dietary Energy Consultative Group.
Rand WM, Uauy R & Scrimshaw NS (1984): Protein energy requirement studies in developing countries: results of international research. Fd Nutr. Bull., Suppl. 10.
Zanni E, Calloway D & Zezulka A (1979): Protein requirement of elderly men. J. Nutr. 109, 513-524.
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