Forests, Climate, and Hydrology: Regional Impacts (UNU, 1988, 217 pages): 8. Review of general circulation models as a basis for predicting the effects of vegetation change on climate: Symbols and abbreviations

Forests, Climate, and Hydrology: Regional Impacts (UNU, 1988, 217 pages)

Acknowledgements

Foreword

Preface

1. Introduction

(introductory text...)

Abstract

Sensationalism

Localized area of impact

Methodology

Objectives

Outcome

2. The living past: Time state of the tropical rain forest

(introductory text...)

Abstract

Historical background

The modern forest

Man and the forest

The forest strikes back

References

3. Effects of tropical forest on water yield

(introductory text...)

Abstract

The tropical forest regions

Hydrological processes in tropical forests

Water yield characteristics

Methods of detecting the effects of forests on water yield

Effects of tropical forests on water yield

Conclusion

Appendix

Symbols and abbreviations

References

Assessment

4. Effects of forests on precipitation in India

(introductory text...)

Abstract

Introduction

The mechanism of rainfall

Observations on the effect of forests on rainfall

Mechanisms of forest influence

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Assessment

5. The Influence of forests and forest reclamation practice on streamflow and water balance

(introductory text...)

Abstract

Introduction

Forest influences on precipitation

Evapotranspiration in forest and fields

Forest impact on streamflow

Effects of forest reclamation projects on the water balance and water resources

Conclusions

References

Assessment

6. Hydrologic process models

(introductory text...)

Abstract

Introduction

Role of forests in the hydrologic cycle

Hydrologic models

Concluding remarks

References

Assessment

7. Modelling the behaviour of water

(introductory text...)

Abstract

Modelling the behaviour of water

Moisture fluxes at land surfaces

Effect of surface cover on land surface processes

Seeking new concepts of macro-hydrology

Symbols and abbreviations

References

Assessment

8. Review of general circulation models as a basis for predicting the effects of vegetation change on climate

(introductory text...)

Abstract

Introduction

General circulation models

Response to variation in land surface properties

GCM Simulations of tropical rainfall

Recommendations for future research

Symbols and abbreviations

References

Assessment

9. Résumé and conclusions

Résumé

Conclusions

Glossary

Workshop participants

Symbols and abbreviations

C	soil thermal capacity
C₀	soil thermal capacity = p_gCD
C_s	turbulent coefficient depending on surface roughness and atmosphericstability
c_p	specific heat of air
D	soil depth
E	vertical moisture flux or evaporation
E_p	potential evaporation
G	downward heat flux into soil
G(z)	subsurface heat flux
H	vertical heat flux
K	stability dependent diffusion coefficient
	unit vertical vector
L	latent heat of condensation
M	water flux in soil
M_s	snowmelt
N	soil source/sink water term (melt/freeze)
P	precipitation or net sink of moisture
P_R	rainfall
Q_g	soil source/sink heat term (moisture phase changes)
R	gas constant of air
	downward radiative flux at wavelength A
	downward longwave radiative flux
R_s	net vertical radiative flux
R_N(0)	net vertical radiative flux at land surface
R_s0)	downward solar radiation flux at land surface
T	temperature
T_o	surface temperature
	horizontal wind vector
	near-surface windspeed
W	soil moisture content
Y(0)	surface runoff
Z	depth from surface in air/soil
V	vector gradient operator
( )	mean
( )'	deviation from mean
e *	emissivity
e *¯	absorptivity
f	Coriolis parameter
g	force due to gravity
h_u	non-linear function of soil moisture content
m	soil moisture content for top soil layer
p	pressure
p_*	surface pressure
q	specific humidity
r_aE	atmospheric resistance to water vapour transfer
r_aH	atmospheric resistance to heat transfer
r_s	surface resistance
t	time
w	vertical velocity (dz/dt)
z_e	height of lowest model layer
z₀	roughness length
a _*	reflectivity of surface
b	function of normalized soil moisture
s	vertical co-ordinate value p/p*
d q	atmosphere near surface saturation deficit
d T	temperature gradient
X	excess value of surface value X₀, over mean-surface value X_s
q	potential temperature
x	ratio of gas constant to specific heat at constant pressure
l	wavelength of radiation
l _g	soil thermal conductivity
p	density
p_g	soil density
s _s	Stefan's constant
t	upward momentum flux
f	geopotential
v ₀	diurnal frequency
*AES	Atmospheric Environment Service
ANMRC	Australian Numerical Meteorology Research Centre
CCSAS	Siberian Academy of Science Computing Centre
ECMWF	European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting
*EERM	l'Etablissement d'Etudes et de Recherches Météorologiques
*GFDL	Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
*GISS	Goddard Institute for Space Studies
*GLAS	Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences
*LMD	Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique
*MO	Meteorological Office
*NCAR	National Centre for Atmospheric Research
OSU	Oregon State University
UCLA	University of California, Los Angeles