Cover Image
close this bookEnergy and Protein requirements, Proceedings of an IDECG workshop, November 1994, London, UK, Supplement of the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (International Dietary Energy Consultative Group - IDECG, 1994, 198 pages)
close this folderEnergy requirements of adults: an update on basal metabolic rates (BMRs) and physical activity levels (PALs)
View the document(introductory text...)
View the documentIntroduction
View the documentVariability in adult BMRs
View the documentPredictive equations to estimate bmrs of adults
View the documentEthnic differences in BMR
View the documentEffects of migration from tropical to temperate climate on BMR
View the documentAdaptation and energy requirements
View the documentTotal energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity levels (PAL) in adults: doubly-labelled water data
View the documentReferences

References

Apfelbaum M (1978): Adaptation to changes in caloric intake. Prog. Food Nutr. Sci. 2, 543-559.

Aub JC & Du Bois EF (1917): The basal metabolism of old men. Arch. Intern. Med. 19, 823-834.

Benedict FG, Miles WR, Roth P & Smith HM (1919):Human vitality and efficiency under prolonged restricted diet. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication No. 280. Carnegie Institute of Washington, D.C.

Black AE, Coward WA, Cole TJ & Prentice AM (1996): Human energy expenditure in affluent societies: analysis of 574 doubly labelled water measurements. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 50, 72-92.

Brockway JM (1987): Derivation of formulae used to calculate energy expenditure in man. Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. 41C, 463-472.

Brouwer E (1965): Report of subcommittee on constants and factors. In Third Symposium on energy metabolism, ed. KL Blaxter, pp 441-443. European Association for Animal Production, publ. no 11. London Academic Press.

Clark HD & Hoffer LF (1991): Reappraisal of the resting metabolic rate of normal young men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53, 21-26.

Consolazio CF, Johnson RE & Pecora E (1963):Physiological methods of metabolic functions in man, pp 313-317. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Dallosso HM, Murgatroyd PR & James WPT (1982): Feeding frequency and energy balance in adult males. Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. 36C, 25-39.

Dallosso HM, & James WPT (1984): The effect of fat over-feeding on 24 h energy expenditure. Br. J. Nutr. 52, 49-64.

Daly JM, Heymsfield SB, Head CA, Harvey LP, Nixon DW, Katzeff H & Grossman GD (1985): Human energy requirements: overestimation by widely-used prediction equation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 42, 1170-1174.

De Boer JO (1985): Energy requirements of lean and obese women, assessed by indirect calorimetry. PhD Thesis. Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands.

Durnin JVGA, Edholm OG, Miller DS & Waterlow JC (1973): How much food does man require? Nature 242, 418.

Durnin JVGA (1979): Energy balance in man with particular reference to low energy intakes. Bibl. Nutr. Dieta 27, 1-10.

Edholm OG (1973): Energy expenditure and food intake. In Energy balance in man, ed. M Apfelbaum, pp 51-60. Paris: Masson.

Edholm OG (1961): Energy expenditure and calorie intake in young men. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 20, 71-76.

Edmundson W (1979): Individual variations in basal metabolic rate and mechanical work efficiency in East Java. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 8, 189-195.

Edmundson W (1980): Adaptation to undernutrition: how much food does man need? Soc. Sci. Med. 14D, 19-126.

FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation (1985):Energy and protein requirements. WHO Technical Report Series 724. Geneva: World Health Organisation.

Ferro-Luzzi A (1985): Range of variation in energy expenditure and scope of regulation: In Proc. of XIIIth Int. Congr. Nutr., eds TG Taylor & NK Jenkins, pp 393-399. London: John Libbey.

Ferro-Luzzi A, Sette S, Franklin M & James WPT ( 1992): A simplified approach to assessing adult chronic energy deficiency. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 46, 173-186.

Garby L, Lammert O & Nielsen E (1984): Within subjects, between weeks variation in 24 h energy expenditure for fixed physical activity. Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. 38C, 391-394.

Garlick PJ, McNurlan MA, McHardy KC, Calder AG, Milne E, Fearns LM & Broom J. (1987): Rates of nutrient utilisation in man measures by combined respiratory gas analysis and stable isotope labelling: effect of food intake. Hum. Nutr.: Clin. Nutr. 41C, 177191.

Goldberg GR, Black AK, Jebb SA, Cole TJ, Murgatroyd PR, Coward WA & Prentice AM (1991): Critical evaluation of energy intake data using fundamental principles of energy physiology 1: derivation of cut-off values to identify under-recording. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 45, 569-581.

Gorsky RD & Calloway DH (1983): Activity pattern changes with decrease in food energy intakes. Hum. Biol. 55, 577-586.

Grande F (1964): Man under caloric deficiency. In Handbook of physiology, adaptation to the environment, pp 911-937. American Physiological Society, Washington.

Hayter JE (1992): The variability of energy expenditure in populations of different geographic origins. PhD Thesis. Oxford Brookes University.

Hayter JE & Henry CJK (1993): Basal metabolic rate in human subjects migrating between tropical and temperate regions: a longitudinal study and review of previous work. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 47, 724-734.

Healy MJR (1989): Nutritional adaptation and variability. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 43, 209-210.

Henry CJ, Hayter J. & Rees DG (1989): The constancy of basal metabolic rate in free-living male subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 43, 727731.

Henry CJK & Rees DG (1991): New prediction equations for the estimation of basal metabolic rate in tropical peoples. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 45, 177-185.

Henry CJK, Piggott SM & Emery B (1987): Basal metabolic rate and dietary thermogenesis in Asians living in Britain. Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. 41C, 397-402.

Henry CJK & Rees DG (1988): A preliminary analysis of basal metabolic rate and race. In Comparitive nutrition, eds Blaxter K & Macdonald 1, pp 149-159. London: John Libbey.

Immink MDC (1987): Economic effects of chronic energy deficiency. In Chronic energy deficiency: consequences and related issues, eds B Schurch & NS Scrimshaw, pp 153-174. Lausanne, Switzerland: IDECG.

Jéquier E & Schutz Y (1981): The contribution of BMR and physical activity to energy expenditure. In Body weight regulatory system: normal and disturbed mechanisms, eds Cioffi LA, James WPT & Van Itallie TB, pp 89-96. New York: Raven Press.

Karvonen MJ, Pekkarinen M, Metsala P & Rautenen Y (1961): Diet and serum cholesterol of lumberjacks. Br. J. Nutr. 15, 157-163.

Keys A, Brozeck J. Henschel A, Mickelson O & Taylor HL (1950): The biology of human starvation. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press.

Krishnan BT & Vareed C (1932): Basal metabolism of young college students, men and women in Madras. Indian J. Med. Res. 12, 831858.

Lammert O. Garby L, Maron K, Mork G. Thein M, Flindt-Egebak P & Krogh-Hansen J (1987): Effect of the preceeding days energy intake on the energy cost of rest, arm and leg exercise. Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. 41C, 141147.

McLean JA (1984): Heat production or oxygen consumption? In Human energy metabolism, ed. AJH Van Es, EURO-NUT report 5, pp 187-189. Wageningen, Netherlands.

McNeill G. Rivers JPW, Payne PR, deBritto JJ & Abel R (1987): Basal metabolic rate of Indian men: no evidence of metabolic adaptation to a low plan of nutrition. Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. 41C, 473484.

Moss KN (1923): Some effects of high air temperatures and muscular exertion upon colliers. Proc. R. Soc. B. 95, 181-200.

Mukerjee HN & Gupta PC (1931): The basal metabolism of Indians (Bengalis). Indian J. Med. Res. 11, 807-811.

Norgan NG & Durnin JVGA (1980): The effect of weeks of overfeeding on the body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism of young men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33, 978-988.

Norgan NG (1983): Adaptation of energy metabolism to level of energy intake. In Energy expenditure under field conditions, ed. J Parizkova, pp 56-64. Prague: Charles University.

Passmore R & Eastwood MA (1986): Davidson and Passmore: Human nutrition and dietetics, 8th edn, pp. 18-19. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.

Piers LS & Shetty PS (1993): Basal metabolic rates of Indian women. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 47, 586-591.

Quenouille MH, Boyne AW, Fisher WB & Leitch I (1951): Statistical studies of recorded energy expenditure of man. Part I. Basal metabolism related to sex, stature, age, climate and race. Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Nutrition Technical communication No: 17. Aberdeen: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau.

Robertson JD & Reid DD (1952): Standards for basal metabolism of normal people in Britain. Lancet 1, 940-943.

Rutishauser IH & Whitehead RG (1972): Energy intake and expenditure in 13 year old Ugandan children living in a rural environment. Br. J. Nutr. 28,145-152.

Schoeller DA & van Santen E (1982): Measurement of energy expenditure in humans by doubly labelled water method. Am. J. Physiol. 53, 955-959.

Schofield WN, Schofield C & James WPT (1985): Basal metabolic rate review and prediction, together with an annotated bibliography of source material. Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. 39C (Suppl I).

Schofield WN (1985): Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work. Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. 39C (Suppl I), 5-41.

Schutz Y (1984): Terminology, factors and constants in studies on energy metabolism of humans. In Human energy metabolism, ed. AJH Van Es, EURO-NUT Report 5, pp 153-168. Wageningen, Netherlands.

Segal KR (1987): Comparison of indirect calorimetric measurements of resting energy expenditure with a ventilated hood, face mask and mouthpiece. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 45, 1420-1423.

Shetty PS, Soares MJ & Sheela ML (1986): Basal metabolic rates of South Indian males. Report to FAO, Rome.

Shetty PS (1993): Chronic undernutrition and metabolic adaptation. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 52, 267-284.

Shetty PS (1990): Physiological mechanisms in the adaptive response of metabolic rates to energy restriction. Nutr. Res. Rev. 3, 49-74.

Shetty PS, & James WPT (1994): Body mass index: a measure of chronic energy deficiency in adults. FAO Food & Nutrition Paper 56. Rome: FAO.

Shetty PS & Soares MJ (1988): Variability in basal metabolic rates of man. In Comparitive nutrition, eds Blaxter K & Macdonald 1, pp 141-148. London: John Libbey.

Sims EAH (1976): Experimental obesity, dietary induced thermogenesis and their clinical implications. Clinics Endocr. Metab 5, 377395.

Singh J, Prentice AM, Diaz E, Coward WA, Ashford J, Sawyer M & Whitehead RG (1989): Energy expenditure of Gambian women during peak agricultural activity measured by the doubly-labelled water method. Br. J. Nutr. 62, 315-329.

Soares MJ, Francis DG & Shetty PS (1993): Predictive equations for basal metabolic rates of Indian males. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 47, 389394.

Soares MJ & Shetty PS (1986): Intra-individual variations in resting metabolic rates of human subjects. Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. 40C, 365-369.

Soares MJ & Shetty PS (1987): Long term stability of metabolic rates in young adult males. Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. 41C, 287-290.

Soares MJ, Sheela ML, Kurpad AV, Kulkarni RN & Shetty PS (1989): The influence of different methods on basal metabolic rate measurements in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 50, 731-736.

Soares MJ & Shetty PS (1991): Basal metabolic rates and metabolic efficiency in chronic undernutrition. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 45, 363-373.

Srikantia SG (1985): Nutritional adaptation in man. Proc. Nutr. Soc. of India 31, 1-16.

Sukhatme PV & Narain P (1983): Intra-individual variation in energy requirements and its implication. Indian J. Med. Res. 78, 857-865.

Sukhatme PV & Margen S (1982): Autoregulatory homeostatic nature of energy balance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 35, 355-365.

Torun B, Flores R, Vitteri FE, Immink MDC & Diaz E (1989): Energy supplementation and work performance: summary of lNCAP studies. Proc. XIV Int. Congr. Nutr., pp 306-309. Seoul, Korea: Korean Nutrition Society.

Viteri FE & Torun B (1975): Energy intake and physical work in Guatemalan farmers. Bol. Oficina Sanit. Panam. (in Spanish) 78, 58-74.

Waterlow JC (1990): Mechanisms of adaptation to low energy intakes. In Diet and disease in traditional and developing societies, eds GA Harrison and JC Waterlow, pp 5-23. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Webb P & Abrams T (1983): Loss of fat stores and reduction in sedentary energy expenditure from undereating. Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. 37C, 271282.

Webb P & Annis JF (1983): Adaptation to overeating in lean and overweight men and women. Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. 37C, 117-131.

Weir JB (1949): New method for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism. J. Physiol. 109, 1-9.

Whitehead RG, Rowland MG, Hutton M, Prentice AM, Muller E & Paul A (1978): Factors influencing lactation performance in rural Gambian mothers. Lancet 2, 178-181.

Widdowson EM (1962): Nutritional individuality. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 21, 121128.