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close this bookEnvironmental Change and International Law: New Challenges and Dimensions (UNU, 1992, 493 pages)
close this folderIssues in international environmental law
close this folder2. International norm-making
View the document(introductory text...)
View the documentA. The international legislative process
View the documentB. Steps in the treaty-making process
View the documentC. The creation of customary law
View the documentD. The creation of soft law
View the documentE. Concluding remarks
View the documentAnnex
View the documentNotes

Annex

Chronology of principal development in international legislation concerning the atmosphere

A. Protection against transboundary air pollution1

1969

Eric Oden, studies on acidification of Scandinavian lakes by long-range air pollution

Jun. 1972

Swedish case-study on "Air Pollution Across National Boundaries: Impact on the Environment of Sulfur in Air and Precipitation" (submitted to the Stockholm Conference)

18 Jun. 1974

OECD Council Recommendation on Guidelines for Action to Reduce Emissions of Sulphur Oxides and Particulate Matters from Fuel Combustion in Stationary Sources

14 Nov. 1974

OECD Council Recommendation on Measures Required for Further Air Pollution Control

1 Aug. 1975

Helsinki Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (calling, inter alia, for promoting international law in respect of long-range air pollution)

1977

OECD study on lang-range transboundary air pollution in Europe

1978

Establishment of the Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP), by ECE in co-operation with WMO and UNEP

1978

Negotiation of a long-range transboundary air pollution convention within the framework of the Senior Advisers to ECE Governments on Environmental Problems

13 Nov. 1979

CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION, GENEVA

Jul. 1982

Ministerial Conference on Acidification, Stockholm

28 Sep. 1984

PROTOCOL ON LONG-TERM FINANCING OF THE COOPERATTVE PROGRAMME FOR MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF THE LONG-RANGE TRANSMISSION OF AIR POLLUTANTS TN EUROPE, GENEVA

21 Mar. 1984

Ministerial Conference on Acid Rain, Ottawa

27 Jun. 1984

Multilateral Conference on Environment, Munich

8 Jul. 1985

PROTOCOL ON THE REDUCTION OF SULPHUR EMISSIONS OR THEIR TRANSBOUNDARY FLUXES BY AT LEAST 30 PER CENT, HELSINKI

Oct. 1985-

Negotiation of a Protocol on Nitrogen Oxides

Aug. 1988


31 Oct. 1988

PROTOCOL CONCERNING THE CONTROL OF EMISSIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES OR THEIR TRANSBOUNDARY FLUXES, SOFIA

31 Oct. 1988

Declaration on 30 Per Cent Reduction of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions, Sofia

24 Nov. 1988

EEC Directive on the Limitation of Emissions ofCertain Pollutants in the Air from Large Combustion Plants

Feb. 1989-

Negotiation of a Protocol on Volatile Organic

Aug. 1991

Compounds

8 Nov. 1991

PROTOCOL CONCERNING THE CONTROL OF EMISSIONS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS OR THEIR TRANSBOUNDARY FLUXES, GENEVA

1. Code:

Scientific Developments and Meetings Not Part of International Legislative Process

Legal and Political Meetings and Statements Not Part of Non-Regional International Legislative Process

Meetings Relating to the International Legislative Process
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS ADOPTED

B. Protection of the ozone layer

1973-1974

Richard Stolarski and Ralph Cicerone, studies of release of chlorine in the atmosphere

1974

Mario Molina and Sherwood Rowland, studies of CFCs in the atmosphere and stratosphere

8 Mar. 1977

UNEP's World Plan of Action on the Ozone Layer, Washington

Apr. 1980

UNEP Governing Council resolution on restriction of CFC usage

May 1981

UNEP Governing Council resolution initiating negotiations towards an ozone agreement

1981

Meeting of legal experts convened by UNEP, Montevideo

Jan. 1982

First session of Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical Experts for the Preparation of a Global Framework Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, convened by UNEP, Stockholm (NB: There were seven sessions, until 1985)

1983

Establishment of the "Toronto Group"

22 Mar. 1985

VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION OF THE OZONE LAYER

1986

WMO/UNEP Report on Atmospheric Ozone

May 1986

Workshop on CFC production and consumption trends, convened by EEC and UNEP, Rome

Sep. 1986

Workshop on alternative regulatory strategies on protection of ozone, convened by USA and UNEP, Leesburg (USA)

Dec. 1986

First negotiating session on a protocol to the Vienna Convention, convened by UNEP, Geneva

Feb. 1987

Second negotiating session on a protocol to the Vienna Convention, convened by UNEP, Vienna

Apr. 1987

Third negotiating session on a protocol to the Vienna Convention, convened by UNEP, Geneva

Jun. 1987

Meeting of heads of key delegations, convened by UNEP, Brussels

8-13 Sep. 1987

Preliminary meetings preceding the Montreal Conference, convened by UNEP, Montreal

16 Sep. 1987

MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER

Apr.- May 1989

First Meeting of the Parties to the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol, Helsinki

27-29 Jun. 1990

Second Meeting of the Parties to the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol, London (adoption of ADJUSTMENTS AND AMENDMENTS TO MONTREAL PROTOCOL)

Jun. 1991

Third Meeting of the Parties to the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol, Nairobi (also Executive Committee of Interim Multilateral Fund)

Oct. 1992

Fourth Meeting of the Parties to the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol, Copenhagen

C. Protection of the climate

12-23 Feb. 1979

First World Climate Conference, convened by WMO

9-15 Oct. 1985

International Conference on the Assessment of the Role of Carbon Dioxide and Other Green-house Gases in Climate Variations and Associated Impacts, Villach (Austria), sponsored by UNEP, WMO, and ICSU

28 Sep.- 2 Oct. 1986

Conference on Developing Policies for Responding to Future Climatic Change, Villach (Austria)

1986

Establishment of the UN system inter-agency Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases (AGGE)

Nov. 1987

Policies Issues Workshop on Developing Policies for Responding to Climatic Change, Bellagio (Italy)

27-30 Jun. 1988

Conference on the Changing Atmosphere: Implications for Global Security, convened by the Canadian Department of External Affairs, Toronto

Nov. 1988

First session of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Geneva, established by UNEP and WMO

6 Dec. 1988

UNGA Resolution: Protection of Global Climate for Present and Future Generations of Mankind (A/RES/43/53)

20-22 Feb. 1989

Meeting of Legal and Policy Experts on the Changing Atmosphere, convened by the Canadian Department of External Affairs, Ottawa

11 Mar. 1989

Declaration of the Hague

28-30 Jun. 1989

Second session of IPCC, Nairobi

7 Nov. 1989

Noordwijk Declaration of the Ministerial Conference on Atmospheric Pollution and Climate Change

1990

Third session of IPCC

27-31 Aug. 1990

Fourth session of IPCC, Sundsvall (Sweden)

29 Oct.- 7 Nov. 1990

Second World Climate Conference, convened by WMO, Geneva, and Ministerial Declaration

21 Dec. 1990

Establishment of Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change (A/RES/45/212)

4-14 Feb. 1991

First session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change, Washington

13-15 Mar. 1991

Fifth session of IPCC, Geneva

19-28 Jun. 1991

Second session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change

9-20 Sep. 1991

Third session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change

29-31 Oct. 1991

Sixth session of IPCC

9-20 Dec. 1991

Fourth session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change

10-12 Feb. 1992

Seventh session of IPCC, Geneva

18-28 Feb. 1992

Fifth session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change, New York

Apr. 1992

Informal consultations among principal delegations, Paris

30 Apr.- 8 May 1992

Sixth session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change