 | Environment, Biodiversity and Agricultural Change in West Africa (UNU, 1997, 141 pages) |
 |  | Preface |
| | Acknowledgements |
| | Opening address |
|  | The context |
| | 1: General background |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Ecological setting |
| | Farming systems |
| | Problem |
| | References |
| | 2: People, land management and environmental change: Conceptual background, with focus on Africa |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Background and context |
| | Population, agriculture and environment in sub-Saharan Africa |
| | Objectives of PLEC |
| | PLEC in Africa |
| | International collaboration for sustainable development |
| | References |
| | 3: Indigenous African farming systems: Their significance for sustainable environmental use (Keynote address) |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Concept of sustainability |
| | Indigenous sustainable farming systems |
| | Conclusion |
| | References |
| | 4: Criteria for designing sustainable farming systems in tropical Africa |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Sustainable agriculture |
| | Farming systems of tropical Africa and their sustainability under changing conditions |
| | Ingredients of sustainable farming systems and issues to be considered in the design of these systems |
| | Sectorial interface requirements |
| | Conclusions and recommendations |
| | References |
| | Pilot study of production pressure and environmental change in the forest-savanna zone of southern Ghana |
| | 5: Background and objectives of the study of production pressure and environmental change in the southern forest-savanna transition zone |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Objectives |
| | Hypotheses |
| | The forest-savanna zone |
| | References |
| | 6: A multidisciplinary integrated methodology |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Field study |
| | Conclusion |
| | References |
| | 7: Land use and cover patterns |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Methodology |
| | Results |
| | Summary |
| | References |
| | 8: Soils |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Materials and method |
| | Analyses |
| | Results and discussion |
| | Conclusion |
| | References |
| | 9: Floral and faunal diversity |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Materials and methods |
| | Results and other observations |
| | Other observations |
| | Discussion |
| | Conclusion |
| | References |
| | 10: Population growth and urban demand |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Population growth |
| | Urban demand |
| | Conclusion |
| | References |
| | 11: Ability of the farming systems to cope and strategies for sustaining farming |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | The agroenvironmental changes and adaptations |
| | Declining yields |
| | Strategies for sustaining farming |
| | Conclusion |
| | References |
| | 12: Gender and non-governmental organizations in environmental management |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Gender and non-governmental organizations |
| | Environmental and agricultural changes |
| | Measures for coping with the adverse changes |
| | The relative roles of NGOs and GOs |
| | Conclusion |
| | Related studies |
| | 13: Interacting with the environment: Adaptation and regeneration on degraded land in upper Manya Krobo |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Upper Manya Krobo |
| | Research methodology |
| | Land degradation and its consequences |
| | Adaptation, regeneration and innovation |
| | Implications for research |
| | Acknowledgement |
| | References |
| | 14: Land use and cover change in the southern forest-savanna transition zone in Ghana: A sequence model |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Introduction |
| | Study area |
| | Conceptual basis |
| | Studies |
| | Land use and cover sequences |
| | Food cropping on abandoned land |
| | Land use and cover sub-sequences |
| | General indications and future trends |
| | References |
| | 15: Women, environmental change and economic crisis in Ghana |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Introduction |
| | Background to the research: Economic crisis and structural adjustment |
| | Environmental degradation in North-Eastern Ghana |
| | Gender and agricultural systems in North-Eastern Ghana |
| | The gender division of labour |
| | Structural adjustment and its impact on health, nutrition and consumption patterns |
| | Changes in educational status |
| | Changes in income-generating activities |
| | Changes in women's time use |
| | Women's time use and seasonality |
| | Conclusion |
| | References |
| | Conclusions |
| | 16: Conclusions and directions for future research |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Research objectives |
| | Methodology |
| | Research extension |
| | Other recommendations |
| | Contributors |
Changes in income-generating activities
SAP policies of retrenchment of workers from the public sector meant increasing unemployment and an influx of retrenched workers into the formal sector at the national level. In Zorse, with only 2 per cent of women engaged in the formal sector, there was very little change in the number of women engaged in an income earning activity between 1984 and 1991. However, there were changes in the types of income generating work over the seven year period, with more women undertaking farming and food processing rather than trading in 1991 (table 15.3).
This may suggest that women are cashing in on the higher prices of crops as a result of SAP policies, as found in a study among women in southern Nigeria (Guyer and Idowu 1991). In Zorse, however, the incentive to move into farming was not the higher producer prices of food crops, since these are produced at a higher cost, but survival. As most women farmers put it, "at least with farming, one's children would not go hungry."
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