 | Agricultural Expansion and Pioneer Settlements in the Humid Tropics (UNU, 1988, 305 pages) |
 |  | Acknowledgments |
|  | 1. Introduction |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | References |
| | 2. Spontaneous and planned settlement in south-east Asia |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Thailand |
| | Clearing and settlement in the highland-lowland transition zone of northern Thailand |
| | Malaysia |
| | The Philippines |
| | Indonesia |
| | Conclusion: government-sponsored versus spontaneous settlement |
| | References |
| | 3. Types of spontaneous pioneer settlement in Thailand |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | The causes of pioneer settlement |
| | Expansion of farm land by local peasants within their village territory: the example of Nong Samong |
| | Land colonization by peasants outside their village territory: the example of km 79 |
| | Colonization by medium- and large-scale farmers: the example of the Chon Buri Hinterland |
| | References |
| | 4. The forest colonization process: case studies of two communities in north-east and south-east Thailand |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | The problem |
| | Case study 1: history of settlement and in-migration |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Settlers and occupation groups |
| | Settlement pattern and the community |
| | Case study 2: history of settlement |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Settlers and occupation groups |
| | Settlement pattern and the community |
| | Conclusion |
| | References |
| | 5. Differentiation and dynamics of land-use systems in a mountain-valley environment: a area, case study of new colonization areas in the Upper Mae Nam Pa Sak catchment Thailand |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Development of land-use systems |
| | Agricultural production conditions in the study area |
| | Land clearance and emergence of present land-use systems |
| | Problems and potential avenues of development of present land use |
| | Land-use development in the Scarp-Valley zone |
| | The traditional land-use system |
| | Clearance of the Scarp Zone and intensification of farming in the Valley Zone |
| | Conclusion |
| | References |
| | 6. Man in the mangrove forest: a socio-economic case study in Southern Thailand |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | References |
| | 7. The Jengka Triangle: a report on research in progress |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Evaluating the Jengka Triangle experience |
| | The urban subsystem in the Jengka area |
| | Preliminary observations |
| | The second-generation "problem" |
| | Conclusions |
| | References |
| | 8. Energy use in West Malaysian rural villages, with special reference to Felda villages |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Description of the selected villages |
| | Comparison of the economic energy situation in the villages |
| | Household budget allotment for energy costs |
| | Energy supply and the use of alternative energy sources |
| | References |
| | 9. Are Malaysian land settlers (new) peasants? Antropological observation of a nascent Community |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Presentation of a Felda scheme |
| | Defining the peasantry |
| | Felda settlers versus malay peasants |
| | Emergence of a new community |
| | Conclusion |
| | Notes |
| | References |
| | 10. Resource use of frontiers and pioneer settlement in southern Sumatra |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Sumatra's role in pioneer settlement in Indonesia |
| | Pioneer settlement in the Mountain Zone |
| | Pioneer settlement in the peneplains |
| | Pioneer settlement in the swamps of the eastern lowlands |
| | Conclusions |
| | References |
| | 11. Ex-military settlements in Indonesia and the emergence of social differentiation in frontier areas |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Initial efforts |
| | Early settlement pattern |
| | The Sapta Marga concept applied |
| | Towards integration |
| | Concluding remarks |
| | References |
| | 12. A survey of government pioneer land settlement programmes in south-east Asia |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Objectives of land settlement programmes |
| | Organization of land settlement agencies |
| | Implementation concepts and practices |
| | Intake of settlers |
| | Concluding remarks |
| | References |
| | 13. Un exemple de colonisation des terres marginales: le cas du nord-est Ivoirien |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Le paysage naturel: realités et mythes Le paysage naturel: realites et mythes |
| | Le paysage humain et social |
| | Problematique économique et la question des terres Problematique economique et la question des terres |
| | Les initiatives publiques et les nouvelles conditions du développement dans le nord-est |
| | Le projet de développement intégré du nord-est |
| | Résumé |
| | Conclusion |
| | Bibliographie sommaire |
| | 14. The land Tenure and agrarian system in the new cocoa frontier of Ghana: Wassa Akropong case study |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Introduction |
| | Evolution of the customary tenure system |
| | The migrant farmer and land access |
| | Size of holdings |
| | Resources |
| | Land use |
| | Farmers perception of tenure problems |
| | Conclusion |
| | References |
| | 15. Colonization in Central America |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Objectives and dangers of colonization in the humid tropics |
| | Ecological regions Of Central America |
| | The process of colonization In Central America |
| | Country situations |
| | The process of land conversion |
| | Research and implementation needs |
| | Conclusion |
| | Notes |
| | References |
| | 16. Organized settlement on the Amazon frontier: The Caquetá project in Colombia |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | The project |
| | Project characteristics |
| | Target population |
| | Development or stabilizing strategy |
| | The environmental issue in Colombia |
| | Material accomplishments of Phase II |
| | Project investment and cost |
| | Socio-political events in the project area |
| | Stability of the production model |
| | Environmental effects |
| | Environmental costs |
| | Frontier stabilization alternatives |
| | Frontier management technology |
| | 17. The colonization and occupation of Brazilian Amazonia |
| | (introductory text...) |
| | Recent economic development and governmental policies regarding the Amazon |
| | Amazonian colonization from 1964 to the present |
| | The border and social conflicts |
| | Notes |
| | References |
| | Participants and contributors |
Concluding remarks
Settlements of ax-servicemen are not necessarily self-sustaining in themselves, since the aptitude towards farming has clearly weakened.
The frontier area, often rather distant from the towns, has not generated adequate employment opportunities for settlers, such that the pull factor of urban centres is still significant.
Ex-military settlers, enjoying greater government subsidies, tend to possess a broader margin in which to apply more advanced technologies in farming and to bear greater risks in comparison to other, civilian settlers.
Such differences have given rise to the emergence of social differentiation and, in several areas, of social stratification with distinct strata among the totality of settlers, both military and civilian. Consequently, the intention to create greater equity through, for example, allocating equal land lots of 2 ha has not been realized. Land selling by the poorer and buying by the more well-to-do settlers persist very much like in the areas of origin.
In contrast to the BRN and CTN settlements of the 1950s, however, the more integrated forms of military and civilian settlements of the 1970s proved to be more democratic and viable.
The presence of better educated ax-military settlers, however, has not resulted in elevating larger settlement units to an agriculturally based stage of industrialization.
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