Bioconversion of Organic Residues for Rural Communities (UNU, 1979): Bioconversion of fruit and vegetable wastes: Technical transfer

Bioconversion of Organic Residues for Rural Communities (UNU, 1979)

From the charter of the United Nations University

Foreword

Perspectives on bioconversion of organic residues for rural communities

(introductory text...)

Introduction

Sources of available nutrients

The most suitable materials for bioconversion

Characteristics of residues

Bioconversion systems

Physical and chemical treatments

Microbial conversion

The animal conversion phase

Summary

References

Availability of organic residues as a rural resource

(introductory text...)

Discussion summary: Papers by van der Wal and Barreveld

Micro-organisms as tools for rural processing of organic residues

(introductory text...)

Introduction

Microbial utilization of mono- and di-saccharide residues

Microbial conversion of starchy residues

Microbial conversion of complex mixtures of compounds (Polysaccharides, Proteins, Lipids, etc.)

Microbial utilization of cellulose and ligno-cellulose residues

Algal culture as a source of biomass

Microbial utilization of silviculture biomass

Micro-organisms and marine and freshwater biomass

International studies on processing organic residues

References

Production of feed as an objective for bioconversion systems

(introductory text...)

Introduction

General characteristics

Manure as feed

Sewage-grown micro-algae

Conclusion

References

Environmental goals for microbial bioconversion in rural communities

(introductory text...)

Introduction

Health and water economy

Fertilizer and energy economy

Concluding remarks

References

Discussion summary: Papers by Porter, Berk and La Rivière

Strategies for developing small-scale fermentation processes in developing countries

(introductory text...)

References

Discussion summary

Production of microbial protein foods on edible substrates, food by-products, and ligno-cellulosic wastes

(introductory text...)

Preface

Introduction

Contributions to the solution of nutritional problems

Development of protein-rich vegetarian meat substitutes in the western world

References

Discussion summary

The role of ruminants in the bioconversion of tropical byproducts and wastes into food and fuel

(introductory text...)

Introduction

Nutritional limitations in the use of tropical by-products and waste

Practical experience with tropical by-products and wastes as feed for ruminants

An integrated system for converting tropical feeds and byproducts into milk, beef, and fuel

References

Discussion summary

Possible applications of enzyme technology in rural areas

(introductory text...)

Introduction

Biocatalytic processes

Enzyme hydrolysis of manioc

Whole cell systems

Cellulose degradation and utilization

Transfer of enzyme technology to rural communities

Conclusions

References

Discussion summary

Indian experience with treated straw as feed

(introductory text...)

Introduction

Experience with straw treatment

Field testing and demonstration of straw treatment

General considerations

Summary

Annex 1. The energy efficiency of the two-stage, feed-fuel processing of straw in indian villages

Annex 2. Method of calculating the value presented in table 2 for the efficiency of naoh energy usage

Annex 3. Recommendations to farmers on the treatment of straw

Annex 4. Calculated efficiency of milk production by straw-fed village buffaloes

References

Discussion summary

Indian experience with algal ponds

(introductory text...)

Introduction

Cultivation of algae in wastes for feed

Problems of contamination

Cultivation of algae for biofertilizer

References

Acknowledgements

Discussion summary

Organic residues in aquaculture

(introductory text...)

Introduction

The range of production in aquaculture

The value of organic wastes

Direct feeding

Concluding remarks

References

Discussion summary

Biogas generation: developments. Problems, and tasks - an overview

(introductory text...)

Introduction

What is biogas?

Microbiology of CH4, or bio-methanogenesis

The biogas plant-some technical considerations

Environmental and operational considerations

Developments and processes for rural areas

Cost-benefit analyses

Health hazards

Bottlenecks, considerations, and research and development

References

Discussion summary

Mushroom production technology for rural development

(introductory text...)

Materials and methods for growing mushrooms under natural or field conditions

Growing mushrooms under semicontrolled conditions

Results and discussion

References

Discussion summary

The combination of algal and anaerobic waste treatment in a bioregenerative farm system

(introductory text...)

Introduction

Algae production on organic wastes

The bioregenerative farm

References

Discussion summary

A continuous composting system for disposal and utilization of animal wastes at the village level

(introductory text...)

Status of land utilization and disposal of animal wastes

A continuous composting system for land utilization of animal wastes at the village level

References

Bioconversion of fruit and vegetable wastes

(introductory text...)

State of the art of bioconversion

Technical transfer

Integrated research on agricultural waste reclamation

(introductory text...)

Introduction

Production of yeast from soybean cooking waste at miso factories

Application of soy waste as koji substrate for rice miso manufacturing (5, 6)

Conclusion

References

Discussion summary

Solid state fermentation of starchy substrates

(introductory text...)

Introduction

Materials and methods

Agro-economic perspectives

Summary

References

Discussion summary

Production of single-cell protein from cellulose

(introductory text...)

Introduction

Experimental results

Discussion

Summary

References

Acknowledgements

Discussion summary

Analysis of energy cost of integrated systems

(introductory text...)

Energy cost and energy requirement

Why energy analysis?

Net energy intensity

What criteria are offered by energy analysis?

Conclusion

References

Analysis of bioconversion systems at the village level

(introductory text...)

Introduction

Approach to bioconversion analysis

Some results and costs from integrated systems

Future development possibilities

Conclusions

Summary

References

Nutritional evaluation of bioconversion products for farm animals

(introductory text...)

Introduction

Testing procedures for determination of nutritional value

Bioconversion products: toxicology - problems and potential

(introductory text...)

Summary

References

Nutritional evaluation in humans

(introductory text...)

Introduction

Evaluation of products of bioconversion for human consumption

Procedures for nutritional evaluation in humans

The evaluation of various food products

Concept of productivity

Conclusions

References

Discussion summary: Papers by van Weerden, Shacklady, and Bressani

Biomass from organic residues for animal and human feeding

(introductory text...)

References

Discussion summary

Appropriate biotechnology - summary remarks

(introductory text...)

References

Other UNU Publications

(introductory text...)

Books

Technical transfer

Inter-regional technical transfer has lagged behind crop transfer, and removal of biochemical contraints to use of residues may be effected by following the crop transfer with appropriate technical transfer.

The sophistication of the indigenous fermentation technology, although a process may appear simple, must not be under-rated, and technical transfer may be easiest among established communities having homologous crops. Because it is only a homology, the transfer may not be automatic and a block to full harvest utilization may occur. That is, the two plants of the agronomically homologous pair may occupy similar agro-ecological niches, but the plants' biochemistry, enabling them to occupy the respective homologous biological niches, may differ.

By contrast, the robustness of yeast fermentation has resulted in successful new developments in village technology in safe alcohol distillations in places as far apart as Nigeria and the Philippines. Even in Europe the itinerant technician (the distiller) takes his apparatus to the substrate, producing the schnapps for the individual farmer from his own brew.

At present this trend in domestic technology is most highly developed in Japan, and the Japanese experience is worth studying in this context. If you bake your own bread, it does not matter if the commercial bakers go on strike. Bringing the process to the raw material may be a good energy budgeting and waste elimination practice

In my view, the marriage of industrial technology in microbiology, enzymology, small-scale equipment, and the village or domestic processer has only just begun, and one may foresee a continued development of the concept of industrially produced starters and processing aids for the wide range of village-level processes.