Expanding Access to Science and Technology (UNU, 1994, 462 pages)

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Note to the reader from the UNU

Preface

Opening address

Opening address

Session 1: Access to science and technology and the information revolution

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Introduction: Access to science for the benefit of mankind

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References

Keynote presentation: the impact of information technology on the access to science

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Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Diversity of information requirements

3. Numeric and factual databases

4. Evaluation and quality control

5. Traditional access mechanisms

6. Electronic access to scientific data

7. Data as an international commodity

8. The future

References

Session 2a: Experiences with international cooperation and the developing countries

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A critical evaluation of experiences and strategies

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Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Patterns of international cooperation

3. Selected experiences and strategies

4. Difficulties of the developing countries: Partners in international cooperation

References

Session 2b: The technological experience: information resources and networks

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Databases and data banks

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Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Some figures and definitions

3. Typology of world databases and data banks

4. Cooperation among database producers

5. Database production

6. Use of databases

7. Bibliometry applied to STI or scientometry

8. Hypertext

9. Multimedia

10. Economic problems

11. Ownership, legislation, and copyright problems

12. Conclusion

Bibliography

Communication networks

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Abstract

1. Introduction

2. The narrow-band ISDN

3. Broad-band ISDN

4. Concluding remarks

The electronic library

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Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Library automation and the electronic library

3. Other examples of the electronic library

4. The electronic library of the future

5. Conclusions

References

Discussion

Panel discussion 1: Achievements and limitations in international cooperation as seen by the developing countries

Session 3: New technologies and media for information retrieval and transfer

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The potential offered by ''extended retrieval''

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Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Four information retrieval ''architectures''

3. Illustrations of extended retrieval

4. Some technical issues

5. Conclusion

References

Information retrieval: Theory, experiment, and operational systems

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Abstract

1. Scientific communication and information retrieval

2. Anomalous states of knowledge

3. Relevance

4. Early experiments in IR

5. Language

6. Boolean logic, search strategy, and intermediaries

7. Associative methods

8. Probabilistic models

9. Information-seeking behaviour

10. Intelligence

References

Computerized front-ends in retrieval systems

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Abstract

1. Introduction: The information environment

2. Definition of front-ends in retrieval systems

3. Taxonomy of front-ends

4. Examples of front-ends

5. Evaluation of front-ends

6. Directions for research and development

7. Conclusion: Implications for developing countries

References

Multimedia technology: A design challenge

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Abstract

1. Introduction

2. What are communication media and how do they differ?

3. Are human beings aware of the capabilities of different media?

4. What can the technology do now?

5. User centred or design centred?

6. The PROMISE multimedia interface project

7. How does one design a multimedia interface?

8. Some initial guidelines

9. Conclusions

10. Acknowledgements

References

Discussion

Session 4: Intelligent access to information: Part 1

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Simulated man-machine systems as computer-aided information transfer and self-learning tools

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Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Human interaction with integrated automation in man-machine systems

3. Knowledge-based information access by means of simulation and self-learning tools

4. Needs for future research and socio-technical development

References

Human-centred design of information systems

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Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Human-centred design

3. Applications

4. Lessons learned

5. Conclusions

References

Designing interactive systems based on cognitive theories of human information processing

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Abstract

Introduction

1. Hypermedia systems

2. User-oriented and task-driven system design

3. SEPIA: A cooperative hypermedia authoring environment

4. Conclusion

References

Personal hypermedia systems

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Abstract

1. Introduction

2. What is hypermedia?

3. Hypermedia products

3. How useful is hypermedia for business people?

4. Executive information systems

5. Summary

Discussion

Session 4 : Intelligent access to information: Part 2

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Machine translation

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Abstract

1. A brief history of machine translation

2. System configurations

3. Ability of current machine translation systems

4. Introduction and use of machine translation

5. Evaluation factors of machine translation systems

6. Japanese machine translation systems

7. Japanese governmental efforts

8. Dictionary

9. State of the art in Europe and the United States

10. The international association for machine translation

11. The future of MT

The new world of computing: The sub-language paradigm

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Abstract

1. Prologue

2. Obstacles to the development of the telephone-computer

3. Sub-language: a new paradigm

4. The implementation of sub-languages

5. The creation and basing of sub-languages

6. Networking in the telephone-computer era

7. All of the world's information

8. The new world of computing applications development environment

9. Toward an efficient organization of the software and data provider industry

10. The vision and the realization

11. Epilogue

Notes

Real-world computing and flexible information access: MITI's new programme

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Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Background

3. The concept of real-world computing

4. Outline of RWC programme

5. Theoretical foundation

6. Novel functions for application

7. Computational bases

8. Research organization and plan

References

Discussion

Session 5: From new technologies to new modalities of cooperation

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Systems management for information technology development

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Abstract

1. Introduction

2. A gateway strategy for information technology developments

3. Knowledge facets for systems integration and information technology development

4. A newness matrix approach to information technology development

5. Phased life cycles for system acquisition

6. Evaluation of technologies

7. Information technology perspectives

8. Summary

References

A role for the UNU/IIST: Developing countries' access to new information technologies

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Abstract

1. Part 1: UNU/IIST

2. Part 2: Advanced applications

3. Part 3: Advanced technologies

4. Conclusion

References

The potential of information technologies for international cooperation

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Abstract

1. The new technologies

2. Information and knowledge

3. Activities of some international bodies in information technologies cooperation

4. Educational strategies

5. Developing countries

6. Negative tendencies and illusions

References

Discussion

Panel discussion 2: Towards new modalities of international cooperation

Closing remarks

Contributors

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