Rapid Assessment Procedures: Qualitative Methodologies for Planning and Evaluation of Health Related Programmes (International Nutrition Foundation for Developing Countries - INFDC, 1992, 528 pages)

(introductory text...)

Acknowledgements

Preface

Introduction

(introductory text...)

Endnotes

References

Section I: The expanding role of qualitative research in international development

Section introduction

1. Re-tooling in applied social investigation for development. Planning: Some methodological issues

(introductory text...)

Twin changes: In planning of projects and in social research

Twin epistemological risks in RAPs

The place of RAP within broader research strategies

Endnote

References

Additional reading

2. Adaptation of anthropological methodologies to rapid assessment of nutrition and primary health care

(introductory text...)

The UNU sixteen country study

Additional applications of the RAP guidelines

References

3. Qualitative and quantitative: Two styles of viewing the world or two categories of reality?

(introductory text...)

The origins of survey research

The problems and limitations of survey research

Qualitative or quantitative: Two styles of viewing the world or two categories of reality?

Combining quantitative and qualitative methods: Triangulation

The pros and cons of rapid assessment methodologies (RAM)

References

4. The role of qualitative methodologies in nutritional surveillance

(introductory text...)

Introduction

Nutritional surveillance: Objectives, principles, and lessons

The role of qualitative methodologies in nutritional surveillance

Endnote

References

5. The coming revolution in methods for rural development research

(introductory text...)

The questionnaire syndrome

Case 1: Limitations of revealing relations (Philippine storage case)

Case 2: The leap frog problem (Mantaro Valley Project, Peru)

Case 3: Eliciting quantified data without the questionnaire (Potatoes in Nepal)

Case 4: Meeting a specific need (Identifying fallow periods in Bhutan)

Keeping the questionnaire in perspective

The cafeteria is now open: A diverse selection of methods

Conclusions

Endnotes

References

Section II: Development and applications of rapid assessment procedures in Africa, Asia and the Americas

6. Rapid assessment methodologies: Application to health and nutrition programmes in Africa

(introductory text...)

Main features of RAP

Users of RAP

Applications of RAP to primary health care programmes

RAP as a tool for formative research

RAP for baseline data collection

RAP for IEC

RAP for monitoring and evaluation

RAP in academic research

The future of RAP methodologies

References

List of acronyms

7. Understanding infant feeding practices: Qualitative research methodologies used in the weaning project

(introductory text...)

Historical perspective

Methodology

Sample results

Endnote

References

8. The use of RAP in the assessment of growth monitoring and promotion in north Sulawesi: Indonesia

(introductory text...)

Methods

The concept of monthly weighing

Differences among villages

Management of growth monitoring

Acknowledgements

Endnotes

References

9. Applying RAP in Cape Verde, Africa and in poor areas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

(introductory text...)

The Cape Verde experience

RAPing in the periphery of Rio de Janeiro: Application of anthropological procedures to the assessment of programmes of nutrition and primary health care

Endnotes

References

10. Application of rapid assessment procedures in the context of women's morbidity: Experiences of a non-government organization in India

(introductory text...)

Methodology

Sample selection

The ethnographic methods

Training

Results

Computer analysis of data

Preliminary analysis of free listing and pile sort data

Discussion

Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

11. Beyond data collection: Facilitating the application and use of ethnographic information to guide health programmes and further research

(introductory text...)

Designing manuals to promote optimal ignorance and active application

Identifying ''possible approaches''

Exploring possible approaches

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Endnote

References

12. Adaptation of RAP to monitoring settlement trends in areas covered by successful disease control programmes: Onchocerciasis

(introductory text...)

Background

The land settlement review

The Burkina Faso case study

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

13. Rapid assessment procedures and the Latinas and AIDS research project

(introductory text...)

Introduction

The Latinas and AIDS research project

AIDS prevention workshops for Latinas

Implications for future research and application

Conclusion

References

Additional reading

Annex A: Summary of workshop illustrated fact and fiction card data

Annex B: Individual card responses for Latina subset, workshop data

14. Rapid anthropological procedures in the early planning for control of paediatric acute respiratory infections: Lesotho, 1989

(introductory text...)

Purpose

Methodology and design

Findings

Other findings

Acknowledgements

Endnotes

Bibliography

Appendix I: ARI interview guide

15. Transcultural epilepsy services

(introductory text...)

The transcultural epilepsy demonstration project

General findings

Utilization of epilepsy specific health services

Psychosocial concerns

Educational campaign

Endnote

References

16. Developing a focused ethnographic study for the who acute respiratory infection (ARI) control programme

(introductory text...)

Background: The WHO ARI programme

Requirements for effective FES research on ARI

Some commonalties in the results of the ARI FES studies

Summary and conclusions

References

17. Rapid assessment procedures in the context of a rural water supply and sanitation programme

(introductory text...)

Project setting

Preparations for the uses of RAP

Uses of RAP

Situation study

Planning

Annex A: RAP guidelines for rural water supply and sanitation project evaluation in Nepal

Annex B: Outline of format for situation study report

18. Use of qualitative research methodologies for women's reproductive health data in India

(introductory text...)

Building social science research for women's health in India

Workshops and consultant visits

The protocol: Investigating women's reproductive health in India

Discussion

References

19. The application of RAP and RRA techniques in emergency relief programmes

(introductory text...)

The state of the art

RRA techniques appropriate to relief operations

RRA information as a complement to quantitative data

Conclusion

References

20. The need for rapid ethnographic procedures for environmental contaminant assessments with indigenous people

(introductory text...)

Examples of rapid assessment data needed

Examples of techniques used to gather needed data

Examples of difficulties with research on food contaminants among indigenous people

References

21. Interview-based diagnosis of illness and causes of death in children

(introductory text...)

The basis for interview diagnosis

Structure of interviews

Validation of verbal autopsy

Neonatal tetanus

Perinatal deaths, prematurity, and low birth weight

Measles

Diarrhoea and dysentery

Acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI)

Pertussis (whooping cough)

Malaria

Meningitis

Chronic illnesses: malnutrition, tuberculosis, and AIDS

Injury and violence

Summary and conclusions

References

22. The relevance of rapid assessment procedures for overcoming hunger in the 1990s

(introductory text...)

Ending hunger in the 1990s: the Bellagio declaration of 1989

Eliminate famine deaths

Ending hunger in one-half of the poorest households

Cutting malnutrition among women and children by half

Eliminate iodine and vitamin a deficiencies as public health problems

Discussion

References

Section III: Community participation and rapid rural appraisal (RRA)

Section introduction

23. Some thoughts on development, people's participation, and research

(introductory text...)

References

24. Rapid but relaxed and participatory rural appraisal: Towards applications in health and nutrition

(introductory text...)

Principles of RRA

A menu of RRA methods

Participatory rural appraisal

Strengths of RRA

Applications of PRA in health and nutrition-related programmes

The future

Acknowledgements

Sources

References

25. Participatory rural appraisal and participatory learning methods: Recent experiences from MYRADA and South India

(introductory text...)

Rapid vs participatory

The PALM experience

Lessons

Endnote

Acknowledgments

Annex I: Time line

Annex II: Social mapping

Annex III: Sweeping transect

Annex IV: Historical transect

Annex IV: Historical transects

Annex V: Seasonality diagramming

Annex VI: Ranking

Annex VII: Livelihood ranking

Annex VIII: Diagrams

26. Rapid rural appraisal (RRA) methodology and its use in nutrition surveys

(introductory text...)

What is rapid rural appraisal?

The fundamental principles of RRA

Techniques for data collection

Specific research issues

Future needs

Summary and conclusions

References

27. Rapid rural appraisal and rapid assessment procedures: A comparison

(introductory text...)

Rapid rural appraisal (RRA)

Rapid assessment procedures (RAP)

Similarities and differences

Conclusion

References

28. Rapid rural appraisal applications in Africa: Achievements and problems

(introductory text...)

Rapid rural appraisal (RRA) in East and Southern Africa

RRA in West Africa

Conclusion

References

29. Rapid appraisal to assess community health needs: A focus on the urban poor

(introductory text...)

Methodology

Data collection and analysis

The final workshop: Planning processes and plan of action

Application of the methodology in other national experiences

Strengths and weaknesses of the methodology

Conclusions

30. The relationship between rapid rural appraisal (RRA) and development market research (DMR)

(introductory text...)

The beginnings of rapid rural appraisal (RRA)

Development market research (DMR) and its evolution

In what sense is DMR complementary to RRA?

Endnote

References

31. The use of rapid rural appraisal methodologies in development research: The experience of the centre regional pour le développement et la Santé Republic of Benin

(introductory text...)

Objectives of the study

Methodology

Results

Recommendations

The use of RRA in development research: Potentials and limitations of the approach

Problems faced by team members during the RRA exercise

Conclusion

Endnotes

References

Section IV: Institutionalization of rapid assessment; procedures (RAP)

Section introduction

32. Use of rapid assessment procedures for evaluation by UNICEF

(introductory text...)

Background on the evolution of RAP and its uses in UNICEF

Use of RAP in evaluation in UNICEF

Conclusion

Acknowledgement

Endnotes

References

33. Institutionalizing the use of rapid assessment procedures in rural service agencies

(introductory text...)

Constraints to the institutionalization of rapid assessment procedures

The need for support from senior management

Steps required to alleviate these constraints

Conclusion

The role of development agencies

References

34. RAPing in Chad

(introductory text...)

Operational research programme

Projects begun in 1990 include the following:

Other studies under consideration included:

Initial resistance to RAP

Positive potential

35. From qualitative community data collection to programme design: Health education planning in Niger

(introductory text...)

Data base for programme planning

Responsibility for data collection and programme planning

Contact between programme planners and target communities

Concept of the planning process

The Niger programme planning experience

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

36. Use of rapid assessment procedures for nutrition programme planning, project reorientation, and training in Malawi

(introductory text...)

Characteristics of the areas to be studied: Malawi's rural areas and needs

The save the children plan: Use of RAP for information gathering as part of needs assessment for programme planning

Rapid assessment procedures for reorientation of the Ntchisi child survival and development project

Acknowledgements

References

Section V: Training for RAP and other qualitative methods

Section introduction

37. Synopsis of the training panel from the international conference on rapid assessment procedures for planning and evaluating health and nutrition programmes

(introductory text...)

1. How did RAP training evolve?

2. Is RAP training needed by everyone wishing to use the methodology?

3. How have researchers and others come to know and begin using concepts and skills associated with RAP?

4. Who should be trained in RAP?

5. What training materials exist for RAP?

6. Why has the training manual taken so long to produce?

7. Who are the most difficult groups to train in RAP?

8. How is training of those with a professional background in anthropology, sociology or public health different from training community level personnel?

9. How can training be improved?

10. Issues raised and comments made by the audience of the training panel:

Section VI: Bringing RAP to the decision-making realm: Effective communication and use

Section introduction

38. Research communication for RAP: Planning for optimal use of communication opportunities throughout the research process and effective use of findings

(introductory text...)

Case study demonstrating planned research communication: The ''contagion route'' in Afghanistan1

Elements of the research communication system

Using the research communication overlays to the optimal dissemination of data

Training in research communication

Audiences for training

Training in research communication

Training in source and audience segmentation

Training in research communication planning

Evaluating research communication

Summary

Endnotes

39. Visualizing data collection and the presentation of RAP findings: Enhancing qualitative research

(introductory text...)

Reference

40. A summary of the conference panel: Effective communication of research data to decision makers

Section VII: Conference summary, comments, speakers and participants

Section introduction

41. Rapid assessment methodologies: A conference summary

(introductory text...)

Diversity within unity

Constraints and difficulties

Three gaps

Institutionalizing RAP

References

42. Rapping on RAP: Selected comments and responses from the conference

(introductory text...)

Qualitative vs quantitative: Is there really a debate?

Who can do RAP: How low can you go?

Linking RAP to action and policy

Theoretical foundations: Why are they important?

Training: How much, how long and who?

Sampling theory and RAP

RAP's expanding uses and dimensions

How rapid is RAP?

Speaker and participant list