Agricultural Development and Vector-Borne Diseases (FAO - HABITAT - UNEP - WHO, 1996, 91 p.): Topic C: Vector habitats: C.12 Malaria vector habitats: coastal lagoons with brackish water (Anopheles sundaicus) in Malaysia

Agricultural Development and Vector-Borne Diseases (FAO - HABITAT - UNEP - WHO, 1996, 91 p.)

Topic C: Vector habitats

		List of slides
		C.1 Principal vector-borne diseases in relation to principal vector habitats.
		C.2 The association between vectors, diseases and water
		C.3 Main animal reservoirs of vector-borne diseases in humans
		C.4 Snail habitats
		C.5 The environment of freshwater snails
		C.6 Food of freshwater, pulmonate snails
		C.7 Snail habitats: a shallow well in the Gizan area of Saudi Arabia
		C.8 Snail habitats: a concrete irrigation basin, Gizan area of Saudi Arabia
		C.9 Snail habitats: drainage canal, Nakambala Sugar Estate, Zambia
		C.10 Snail habitats: a burrow pit in the Kisumu area of western Kenya
		C.11 Malaria vector species and their ecological requirements; a transsect of the Malaysian peninsula
		C.12 Malaria vector habitats: coastal lagoons with brackish water (Anopheles sundaicus) in Malaysia
		C.13 Malaria vector habitats: Anopheles balabacensis breeding places in temporary forest pools in Indonesia
		C.14 Malaria vector habitats: Anopheles maculatus breeding places in rice growing areas in Nepal
		C.15 Malaria vector habitats: irrigated rice fields, Office du Niger, in Mali, where a succession of species breeds
		C.16 Malaria vector habitats: Anopheles gambiae breeding in exposed pools
		C.17 Malaria vector habitats: Anopheles gambiae breeding rooftop tanks, Mauritius
		C.18 Malaria vector habitats: Anopheles arabiensis breeding sites in desert areas
		C.19 Natural habitat suited to the breeding of simuliid black flies
		C.20 Landscape typifying sandfly habitat in South-West France
		C.21 Landscape typifying sandfly habitat in central Kenya
		C.22 Landscape typifying sandfly habitat in the arid, northern Kenya (termite mound)
		C.23 Rodent burrow system as a sandfly habitat in Uzbekistan (Rhombomys colony)
		C.24 Sandfly vector habitat in the domestic environment, Colombia

C.12 Malaria vector habitats: coastal lagoons with brackish water (Anopheles sundaicus) in Malaysia

Slide C.12 Malaria vector habitats: coastal lagoons with brackish water (Anopheles sundaicus) in Malaysia

Some malaria vectors (Anopheles sundaicus with a distribution from the East coast of India to Viet Nam and the Indonesian islands; A. albimanus on the Pacific coast of Central America) require a brackish water environment for their larval stages. Managing the water flows in mangrove areas and estuaries to ensure that salt levels are maintained outside of the range needed by these species help to keep vector populations down. A lot of work was done in the Dutch East Indies, present-day Indonesia, in the 1930s, in connection with ponds for shrimp culture. Work in El Salvador (Ticuiziapa Estero) by Frederickson in 1986-1987 (as part of the USAID Vector Biology and Control Project) demonstrated that environmental management (removal of a sand bar, allowing the drainage of water from the estuary at low tide, and blocking the influx of sea water at high tide) can provide a lasting solution to malaria transmission.

Reports of the Vector Biology and Control Project, including the reports on the environmental management activities, belong to the grey literature. Information can, however, be obtained from the PEEM Secretariat, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, where a full set of these reports is available.