4th Report on the World Nutrition Situation - Nutrition throughout the Life Cycle (ACC/SCN, 2000, 138 p.): APPENDICES: Appendix 11: Summary of Five Studies of the Social Impacts of the Indonesian Crisis

4th Report on the World Nutrition Situation - Nutrition throughout the Life Cycle (ACC/SCN, 2000, 138 p.)

APPENDICES

		Appendix 1: Conceptualizing Nutrition Problems in Society
		Appendix 2: Countries in the UN Regions and Sub-Regions
		Appendix 3: Methods to Estimate Trends in Undernutrition Prevalence: A Review
		Appendix 4: Statistical Notes for Sections 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3
		Appendix 5: Latest National Prevalence of Stunting and Underweight in Preschool Children
		Appendix 6: Explaining Trends in Child Underweight in the Developing World
		Appendix 7: Data Employed for Analysis of Child Underweight Rates in Sub-Saharan Africa
		Appendix 8: Prevalence and Numbers of Overweight Preschool Children in 1995
		Appendix 9: Countries Classified by WHO Regions
		Appendix 10: National Implementation of the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes
		Appendix 11: Summary of Five Studies of the Social Impacts of the Indonesian Crisis
		Appendix 12: Some Food and Nutrition Information and Data Resources on the Internet

Appendix 11: Summary of Five Studies of the Social Impacts of the Indonesian Crisis

The five studies referred to in section 4.2 are described in greater detail here:

1. Helen Keller International (HKI) set up a nutrition surveillance system in rural Central Java from late 1995 to early 1997. With support from the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Asian Development Bank, this system was revived in June 1998 and initiated in rural and urban areas in five other provinces.
2. The Rand Corporation, the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and the Demographic Institute at the University of Indonesia had been conducting a large ongoing longitudinal survey - the Indonesian Family Life Survey - since 1993/94. The survey covers 30,000 individuals in 13 of 27 provinces and is representative of 83% of the national population. IFLS-2 was conducted in late 1997 and IFLS2+, a special sub-sample of approximately 7,500 individuals, was conducted in late 1998 in a deliberate effort to track the impacts of the crisis. IFLS2+ was funded by a number of organizations, including me World Health Organization (WHO), the UN Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA), the World Bank, and IFPRI.
3. The 100 Village Survey, supported by UNICEF and carried out in July 1997 and August 1998 by the Central Bureau of Statistics, interviewed households from 100 villages drawn from eight provinces.
4. SMERU, a new unit set up within the Government of Indonesia to monitor the social impacts of the crisis with support from the World Bank, conducted a Crisis Impact Survey in 1997 and 1998 - a qualitative assessment of the situation by local experts in each of the country’s 4,025 kecamatans or sub-districts.
5. Finally, the Faculty of Economics at the University of Indonesia (LPEM), supported in part by the Asian Development Bank, conducted an analysis of the government’s SUSENAS national income and expenditure data sets from 1996 and 1998.

TABLE A11.1: Social impacts of the Indonesian crisis

	Data source/study
	HKI: 1, 2	IFLS: 3,4	UNICEF 100 Village Survey/SMERU: 5	Crisis Impact Survey/SMERU: 6	SUSENAS/ LPEM: 7
Years	Dec. 1995-Jan. 1999 (8 rounds, rural Central Java only); June 1998-March 1999 (4 rounds, 6 areas)	Second half of 1997 and second half of 1998	June/July 1997 and August 1998	1997 and same month in 1998	1996 and 1998
Coverage	Central Java (rural sample). East Java (rural and urban), South Sulawesi (urban sample), West Nusa Tenggara (Lombok island), Jakarta (urban), West Java (rural) (All time comparisons reported here are for the Central Java sample only)	7 of 27 provinces: Jakarta, Central Java, West Java, West Nusa Tenggara, South Kalimantan, South Sumatra, North Sumatra (IFLS2+ is representative of IFLS, which is representative of 83% of population)	10 kabupaten (from over 300) in 8 of 27 provinces: West Java, Central Java, Bali, NTT, East Kalimantan, South-East Sulawesi, Riau, Lampung	Nationwide: response from each of 4,025 kecamatans	Nationwide
Percent households with no savings	Increased
Change in per capita consumption, overall (thousands of rupiah)		Mean 246®186 Median 131®129 With IFLS deflators: Mean 246®151 Median 131®104
Per capita consumption, urban (thousands of rupiah)		Mean 319®211 Median l41®134 With IFLS deflators: Mean 319®184 Median 141®116	Mean 673®588 Median 551®499	14 of 20 hardest-hit areas (increase in % of households selling assets to meet basic needs) are urban
Per capita consumption, rural (thousands of rupiah)		Mean 194®168 Median 127®125 With IFLS deflators: Mean 194®128 Median 127®95	Mean 457®384 Median 407®327	13 of 20 least-affected units are rural (same measure as above)
Gini coefficient			0.284®0.313 Urban 0.299®0.298 Rural 0.266®0.298
Overall poverty rate (%)		11.0®13.8 With IFLS deflators: 11.0®19.9	11.0®14.4 With IFLS deflators: 11.0®18.6		20.22®33.04 Or “adjusted”: 18.31®30.49
Urban poverty rate (%)		9.2®12.0 With IFLS deflators: 9.2®15.8			10.55®20.29 Or “adjusted”: 6.93®14.71
Rural poverty rate (%)		12.4®15.2 With IFLS deflators: 12.4®23.0			25.67®41.31 Or “adjusted”: 24.72®40.73
Worst-hit region in terms of household expenditures		West Java (% change in mean); South Kalimantan (% change in median)	NTT	Java
Budget share to food		70%®74%	66.2%®75.7%
Budget share of staple foods, urban		12.99%®20.61%
Budget share of staple foods, rural		30.58%®39.39%
Budget share of nonstaple foods, urban		29.2%®25.5%
Budget share of nonstaple foods, rural		29.3%®27.8%
Zero consumption of eggs by mothers	Up sharply
Consumption of meat and eggs, children under 5	Down
Per cent under 5 stunting	n/a	50.68®45.66 (9-year-olds)
Per cent under 5 underweight	Up
Per cent under 5 wasting	Up	8.57®5.59 (9-year-olds)
Per cent of adults with BMI 18	Up (mothers only)	14.05®14.69 (from 1997 to 1998 in the same communities)
Per cent low haemoglobin (10 mg/dL)		6.68®5.02 (from 1997 to 1998 in the same communities)
Maternal anaemia	Up
Childhood anaemia	Up
Maternal and child night blindness	Up
Budget share to health, urban (rural)		1.73%®1.49% (1.16%®0.69%)
Budget share to education, urban (rural)		4.91%®4.51% (2.38%®1.81%)
Per cent of children 7-12 not enrolled in school, mate (female)		5.1®6.1 (3.4®6.2)	11.2®7.9 (9.2®6.7)
Per cent of children receiving vitamin A capsules in 6 months before survey	Down	55.12®42.75

REFERENCES

1. HKI (1998) Special report: A summary of crisis-related issues and Helen Keller International initiatives for crisis-impact monitoring and assessment through nutritional surveillance systems. Jakarta: HKI.

2. Bloem M, Darnton-Hill I (1999) Micronutrient deficiencies: The first link in a chain of nutritional and health events in economic crises. HKI, Jakarta. Draft.

3. Frankenberg E, Beegle K, Thomas D, Suriastini W (1999) Health Education and Economic Crisis in Indonesia. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.

4. Frankenberg E, Thomas D, Beegle K (1999) The real costs of Indonesia’s economic crisis: Preliminary findings from the Indonesia family life surveys. Labor and Population Program Working Paper Series 99-04. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.

5. Poppele J, Sumarto S, Pritchett L (1999) Social impacts of the Indonesian crisis: New data and policy implications. SMERU, Jakarta. Photocopy.

6. Sumarto S, Wetterberg A, Pritchett L (1999) The social impact of the crisis in Indonesia: Results from a nationwide kecamatan survey. World Bank, Jakarta. Photocopy.

7. Ikhsan M (1999) LPEM: An Indonesian Regional Poverty Profile before and after the Crisis. Report prepared for the Asian Development Bank, Manila.