 | Educational Cost-benefit Analysis - Education Research Paper No. 02 (DFID, 1993, 27 p.) |
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Appendix 2: Returns to investment in education by level and country
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Social |
Private | ||||||
|
Country |
Year |
Prim. |
Sec. |
Higher |
Prim. |
Sec. |
Higher |
|
AFRICA | |||||||
|
Botswana |
1983 |
42.0 |
41.0 |
15.0 |
99.0 |
76.0 |
38.0 |
|
Ethiopia |
1972 |
20.3 |
18.7 |
9.7 |
35.0 |
22.8 |
27.4 |
|
Ghana |
1967 |
18.0 |
13.0 |
16.5 |
24.5 |
17.0 |
37.0 |
|
Kenya |
1971 |
21.7 |
19.2 |
8.8 |
28.0 |
33.0 |
31.0 |
|
1980 |
13.0 |
14.5 | |||||
|
Lesotho |
1980 |
10.7 |
18.6 |
10.2 |
15.5 |
26.7 |
36.5 |
|
Liberia |
1983 |
41.0 |
17.0 |
8.0 |
99.0 |
30.5 |
17.0 |
|
Malawi |
1978 |
15.1 | |||||
|
1982 |
14.7 |
15.2 |
11.5 |
15.7 |
16.8 |
46.6 | |
|
Morocco |
1970 |
50.5 |
10.0 |
13.0 | |||
|
Nigeria |
1966 |
23.0 |
12.8 |
17.0 |
30.0 |
14.0 |
34.0 |
|
Rhodesia |
1960 |
12.4 | |||||
|
Sierra Leone |
1971 |
20.0 |
22.0 |
9.5 | |||
|
Somalia |
1983 |
20.6 |
10.4 |
19.9 |
59.9 |
13.0 |
33.2 |
|
Sudan |
1974 |
8.0 |
4.0 |
13.0 |
15.0 | ||
|
Tanzania |
1982 |
5.0 | |||||
|
Uganda |
1965 |
66.0 |
28.6 |
12.0 | |||
|
Upper Volta |
1970 |
25.9 |
60.6 | ||||
|
1975 |
27.7 |
30.1 |
22.0 | ||||
|
1982 |
20.1 |
14.9 |
21.3 | ||||
|
Social |
Private | ||||||
|
Country |
Year |
Prim. |
Sec. |
Higher |
Prim. |
Sec. |
Higher |
|
ASIA | |||||||
|
Hong Kong |
1976 |
15.0 |
12.4 |
18.5 |
25.2 | ||
|
India |
1965 |
13.4 |
15.5 |
10.3 |
17.3 |
18.8 |
16.2 |
|
1978 |
29.3 |
13.7 |
10.8 |
33.4 |
19.8 |
13.2 | |
|
Indonesia |
1977 |
25.5 |
15.6 | ||||
|
1978 |
21.9 |
16.2 |
14.8 | ||||
|
Malaysia |
1978 |
32.6 |
34.5 | ||||
|
Pakistan |
1975 |
13.0 |
9.0 |
8.0 |
20.0 |
11.0 |
27.0 |
|
1979 |
14.6 |
6.7 |
9.4 | ||||
|
Philippines |
1971 |
7.0 |
6.5 |
8.5 |
9.0 |
6.5 |
9.5 |
|
1977 |
8.5 |
16.0 | |||||
|
Singapore |
1966 |
6.6 |
17.6 |
14.1 |
20.0 |
25.4 | |
|
South Korea |
1967 |
9.0 |
5.0 | ||||
|
1969 |
11.0 |
9.5 | |||||
|
1971 |
14.6 |
9.3 |
16.1 |
16.2 | |||
|
1973 |
12.2 |
8.8 | |||||
|
1980 |
8.1 |
11.7 | |||||
|
Taiwan |
1970 |
26.5 |
15.0 |
17.6 |
18.4 | ||
|
1972 |
27.0 |
12.3 |
17.7 |
50.0 |
12.7 |
15.8 | |
|
Thailand |
1970 |
30.5 |
13.0 |
11.0 |
56.0 |
14.5 |
14.0 |
|
1972 |
63.2 |
30.9 |
18.4 | ||||
|
Social |
Private | ||||||
|
Country |
Year |
Prim. |
Sec. |
Higher |
Prim. |
Sec. |
Higher |
|
LATIN AMERICA | |||||||
|
Bahamas |
1970 |
20.6 |
26.1 | ||||
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Brazil |
1970 |
23.5 |
13.1 |
24.7 |
13.9 | ||
|
Chile |
1959 |
24.0 |
16.9 |
12.2 | |||
|
Colombia |
1973 |
15.1 |
15.4 |
20.7 | |||
|
1976 |
18.4 |
24.9 | |||||
|
1981 |
9.6 | ||||||
|
Costa Rica |
1974 |
13.1 |
8.7 |
25.7 | |||
|
Mexico |
1963 |
25.0 |
17.0 |
23.0 |
32.0 |
23.0 |
29.0 |
|
Paraguay |
1982 |
14.0 |
11.0 |
13.0 | |||
|
Peru |
1972 |
46.9 |
19.8 |
16.3 | |||
|
1974 |
34.3 |
9.0 |
15.0 | ||||
|
1980 |
41.4 |
3.3 |
16.1 | ||||
|
Puerto Rico |
1959 |
24.0 |
34.1 |
15.5 |
68.2 |
52.1 |
29.0 |
|
Venezuela |
1957 |
82.0 |
17.0 |
23.0 |
18.0 |
27.0 | |
|
1984 |
32.5 |
11.7 |
20.6 | ||||
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Social |
Private | ||||||
|
Country |
Year |
Prim. |
Sec. |
Higher |
Prim. |
Sec. |
Higher |
|
INTERMEDIATE | |||||||
|
Cyprus-1 |
1975 |
15.0 |
11.2 |
14.8 | |||
|
1979 |
8.6 |
8.1 |
14.1 | ||||
|
Cyprus-2 |
1975 |
10.5 |
9.7 |
11.6 |
8.6 | ||
|
1979 |
7.7 |
6.8 |
7.6 |
15.4 |
7.0 |
5.6 | |
|
Greece |
1962 |
6.3 |
13.7 |
7.2 |
14.0 | ||
|
1977 |
16.5 |
5.5 |
4.5 |
20.0 |
6.0 |
5.5 | |
|
Iran |
1972 |
34.0 |
11.5 |
15.0 | |||
|
1976 |
15.2 |
17.6 |
13.6 |
21.2 |
18.5 | ||
|
Iran-2 |
1975 |
10.6 |
15.3 |
19.3 | |||
|
Israel |
1958 |
16.5 |
6.9 |
6.6 |
27.0 |
6.9 |
8.0 |
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Spain |
1971 |
17.2 |
8.6 |
12.8 |
31.6 |
10.2 |
15.5 |
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Turkey |
1968 |
8.5 |
24.0 |
26.0 | |||
|
Yugoslavia |
1969 |
9.3 |
15.4 |
2.8 |
7.6 |
15.3 |
2.6 |
Note: Private rates to primary education in excess of 100% have been given as 99%.
Source: Psacharopoulos (1985)
(The original table also lists data for 37 studies in 15 advanced countries).
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