WHO Information Series on School Health - Document 4 - Healthy Nutrition: An Essential Element of a Health-Promoting School (FAO - WHO, 1998, 61 p.): ANNEX 1. IMPORTANT CONDITIONS OF MALNUTRITION WHICH AFFECT PRESCHOOL- AND SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN (Ref: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 16, 48, 75)

WHO Information Series on School Health - Document 4 - Healthy Nutrition: An Essential Element of a Health-Promoting School (FAO - WHO, 1998, 61 p.)

		(introduction...)
		ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
		FOREWORD
		1. INTRODUCTION
		2. CONVINCING OTHERS THAT HEALTHY NUTRITION IS IMPORTANT
		3. CONVINCING OTHERS THAT NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS IN SCHOOLS WILL REALLY WORK
		4. PLANNING THE INTERVENTIONS
		5. INTEGRATING NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS WITHIN VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF A HEALTH-PROMOTING SCHOOL
		6. EVALUATION
		ANNEX 1. IMPORTANT CONDITIONS OF MALNUTRITION WHICH AFFECT PRESCHOOL- AND SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN (Ref: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 16, 48, 75)
		ANNEX 2. BASIC QUESTIONS AND METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION FOR SITUATION ANALYSIS
		ANNEX 3. COMMON BEHAVIOURS AND CONDITIONS RELATED TO HEALTHY EATING
		ANNEX 4. EXAMPLES OF DIETARY GUIDELINES AND FOOD GUIDES FOR THE GENERAL PUBLIC
		ANNEX 5. SELECTED WHO EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE HEALTHY EATING
		ANNEX 6. SELECTED AGE-APPROPRIATE EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE HEALTHY EATING
		ANNEX 7. EXAMPLES OF CURRICULUM ADDRESSING EMOTIONAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL INFLUENCES RELATED TO HEALTHY EATING AND SUGGESTED INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES
		ANNEX 8. EXAMPLES OF COMMUNITY AND FAMILY INVOLVEMENT AND OUTREACH
		ANNEX 9. WORLD DECLARATION ON NUTRITION
		ANNEX 10. OTTAWA CHARTER FOR HEALTH PROMOTION (1986)
		REFERENCES

ANNEX 1. IMPORTANT CONDITIONS OF MALNUTRITION WHICH AFFECT PRESCHOOL- AND SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN (Ref: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 16, 48, 75)

Condition	Characteristics	Effects on Schoolchildren
Undernutrition	not enough total food energy and nutrients are consumed	low body weight, wasting of body fat and later of muscle
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)	inadequate dietary intake of protein and/or energy	failure to grow and thrive, less resistance and high susceptibility to infections
Wasting	low weight for height	see above
Stunting	low height for age	see above
Marasmus	dietary deficiency of both protein and energy	see above, (more severe) (mainly preschool age)
Kwashiorkor	dietary deficiency of protein with adequate (or even excessive) energy intake	see above, (more severe) (mainly preschool age)
Iron Deficiency Anaemia	body is depleted of iron stores (reduced red blood cell count), hampering the body’s ability to produce haemoglobin, which is needed to carry oxygen in the blood, most common in females	increased fatigue, shortened attention span, decreased physical and intellectual work capacity, reduced resistance to infections, impaired intellectual performance
Vitamin A Deficiency	body is low or depleted of vitamin A, which is vital for vision	night blindness and eventually total blindness, reduced resistance to infection (mainly preschool age)
Iodine Deficiency	body is low or depleted of iodine which is vital for cell differentiation and thyroid hormone synthesis	can effect brain development, learning disabilities and, when severe, grossly impair mental development; impaired reproductive performance
Overnutrition (Overweight/Obesity)	more food energy is consumed than expended, resulting in excess of body fat	elevated blood cholesterol and high blood pressure, associated with increased adult mortality
Eating Disorders	severe disturbances in eating behaviour, resulting in extreme thinness or overweight	lower self-esteem, feeling of inadequacy, anxiety, social dysfunction, depression, moodiness
Anorexia Nervosa	intense fear of becoming obese and refusal to eat, leading to a significant weight loss	see above (mainly adolescence)
Bulimia	compulsion to binge eat and then purge the body by self-induced vomiting or use of laxatives	see above (mainly adolescence)