Agricultural Development and Vector-Borne Diseases (FAO - HABITAT - UNEP - WHO, 1996, 91 p.): Topic A: Vector-borne diseases of relevance to agriculture: A.7 Number of malaria cases reported by WHO Region

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Agricultural Development and Vector-Borne Diseases (FAO - HABITAT - UNEP - WHO, 1996, 91 p.)

Topic A: Vector-borne diseases of relevance to agriculture

		List of slides
		I. About PEEM (Panel of Experts on Environmental Management for Vector Control)
		A.1 Table of diseases
		A.2 Global status of major vector-borne diseases
		A.3 Global distribution of schistosomiasis: S. mansoni and S. intercalatum in Africa and the Americas
		A.4 Global distribution of schistosomiasis: S. haematobium, S. japonicum and S. mekongi in Africa and Asia
		A.5 Children infected with schistosomiasis
		A.6 Global distribution of malaria
		A.7 Number of malaria cases reported by WHO Region
		A.8 Girl suffering from malaria, the Gambia
		A.9 Distribution of yellow fever in Africa
		A.10 Distribution of yellow fever in the Americas
		A.11 Distribution of lymphatic filariasis in Africa and the Americas (WHO map 92353)
		A.12 Distribution of lymphatic filariasis in Asia (WHO map 92354)
		A.13 Distribution of onchocerciasis in Africa, with an indication of the area covered by OCP (WHO map 94910)
		A.14 Distribution of onchocerciasis in the Americas (WHO map 94911)
		A.15 A victim of river blindness (onchocerciasis)
		A.16 Aerial view of an abandoned village in an area affected by onchocerciasis in West Africa
		A.17 Distribution of Old World and New World visceral leishmaniasis (WHO map 89963)
		A.18 Distribution of cutaneous and muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World (WHO map 891104)
		A.19 Distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. tropica and L. aethiopica in the Old World (WHO map 89962)
		A.20 Distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. major in the Old World (WHO map 891105)
		A.21 A case of cutaneous leishmaniasis
		A.22 A case of cutaneous leishmaniasis
		A.23 Oriental sore (cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Eastern Mediterranean)
		A.24 Distribution of Japanese encephalitis cases by endemic country over the period 1986-1990
		A.25 Distribution of sleeping sickness foci in West and Central Africa
		A.26 Distribution of sleeping sickness vectors Glossina morsitans and G. pallidipes in East and southern Africa
		A.27 Distribution of sleeping sickness vectors G. palpalis, G. fuscipes and G. tachinoides in West Africa
		A.28 An example of sleeping sickness vector ecology in southern Africa

A.7 Number of malaria cases reported by WHO Region

Slide A.7 Number of malaria cases reported by WHO Region

With respect to the global distribution of malaria, several issues should be borne in mind:

· the distribution map indicates risk and does not indicate intensity of transmission. Malaria has a patchiness in time and location, except in the so-called holo-endemic and hyper-endemic areas (epidemiological terms relating transmission intensity to clinical patterns) of sub-Saharan Africa.
· the majority of malaria cases in the world (90%) occur in sub-Saharan Africa
· the map does not distinguish between the various parasite species, the most important of which are the virulent Plasmodium falciparum and the more benign P. vivax. The latter predominates in the Eastern Mediterranean and in South Asia, even though the proportion of P. falciparum cases in the latter area is increasing.
· the map does not indicate the problems of drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum, spreading in South East Asia and in Africa
· malaria was successfully eradicated from Europe, parts of the Eastern Mediterranean, parts of North, Central and South America, and parts of the Western Pacific, mainly through the spraying of residual insecticides. These were without exception areas of unstable vivax malaria.
· current important malaria foci are associated with areas of rapid economic development, with demographic and environmental change, and areas characterized by civil strife or refugee problems. Urban malaria is gaining importance.