Crucibles of Hazard: Mega-Cities and Disasters in Transition (UNU, 1999, 544 pages): Appendices

Crucibles of Hazard: Mega-Cities and Disasters in Transition (UNU, 1999, 544 pages)

		(introduction...)
		Acknowledgements
		1. Introduction - James K. Mitchell
		2. Natural disasters in the context of mega-cities - James K. Mitchell
		3. Urbanization and disaster mitigation in Tokyo - Yoshio Kumagai and Yoshiteru Nojima
		4. Flood hazard in Seoul: A preliminary assessment - Kwi-Gon Kim
		5. Environmental hazards in Dhaka - Saleemul Huq
		6. Natural and anthropogenic hazards in the Sydney sprawl: Is the city sustainable? - John Handmer
		7. Disaster response in London: A case of learning constrained by history and experience - Dennis J. Parker
		8. Lima, Peru: Underdevelopment and vulnerability to hazards in the city of the kings - Anthony Oliver-Smith
		9. Social vulnerability to disasters in Mexico City: An assessment method - Sergio Puente
		10. Natural hazards of the San Francisco Bay mega-city: Trial by earthquake, wind, and fire - Rutherford H. Platt
		11. There are worse things than earthquakes: Hazard vulnerability and mitigation capacity in Greater Los Angeles - Ben Wisner
		12. Environmental hazards and interest group coalitions: Metropolitan Miami after hurricane Andrew - William D. Solecki
		13. Findings and conclusions - James K. Mitchell
		Postscript: The role of hazards in urban policy at the millennium - James K. Mitchell
		Appendices
		Contributors
		Other titles of interest

Appendices

1. What is the population of the world's largest cities?

It is impossible to be sure of the exact population of the world's largest cities. Among others: definitions of cities vary; municipal boundaries vary; the existence, frequency, and accuracy of urban censuses vary; and rates of population change vary. The following table provides the most authoritative estimates of urban population for 14 of the largest cities.

City	Population, 1994 (millions)	Per capita GNP, 1991 (US$)
Tokyo	26.8	26,824
São Paulo	16.4	2,920
New York	16.1	22,356
Mexico City	15.6	2,971
Shanghai	15.1	364
Bombay	15.1	330
Los Angeles	12.4	22,356
Beijing	12.4	364
Calcutta	11.7	330
Seoul	11.6	6,277
Jakarta	11.5	592
Buenos Aires	10.0	3,966
Tianjin	10.7	364
Osaka	10.6	26,824

Source: United Nations, World Urbanization Project. The 1994 Revision, New York, 1995.

2. Known pre-twentieth-century urban disasters that killed more than 10,000 city residents

Year	City	Nature of disaster and death toll
365	Alexandria (Egypt)	Tsunami killed "many thousands"
526	Antioch (Syria)	Earthquake killed about 250,000
1041	Tabriz (Iran)	Earthquake killed 40,000
1138	Kirovabad (Tadjikistan)	Earthquake killed 130,000 in and around the city
1169	Catania (Italy)	Volcanic eruption killed 15,000 - most of city's population
1627 - 29	Mexico City	Floods killed about 20% of city's 127,000 people
1642	Kaifeng (China)	Deliberate breaching of a dyke on the Hwang Ho River killed most of the city's 200,000 - 300,000 inhabitants
1693	Naples (Italy)	Earthquake killed over 90,000 of about 200,000 residents
1721	Tabriz (Iran)	Earthquake killed about half the population of 150,000
1746	Lima (Peru)	Earthquake killed many of the city's 40,000 people
1755	Lisbon (Portugal)	Earthquake and tsunami killed 10,000 - 60,000 of the city's estimated 300,000 people
1773	Guatemala City	Earthquake killed many of city's 30,000 people
1797	Quito (Ecuador)	Earthquake killed 40,000 in and around this city of 30,000
1822	Aleppo (Syria)	Earthquake killed 100,000 out of 150,000 inhabitants
1824	St. Petersburg (Russia)	Ice jam floods killed 10,000
1853	Shiraz (Iran)	Earthquake killed 12,000 of 22,000 inhabitants
1864	Calcutta (India)	Cyclone killed "tens of thousands"
1881	Haiphong (Vietnam)	Typhoon killed 300,000 in and around the city
1882	Bombay (India)	Cyclone killed 100,000 people in and around this city of 800,000+ residents

Note: Many other cities suffered extensive destruction of property but relatively few deaths and injuries, especially as a result of catastrophic urban fires. The Great Fire of London (1666), the Chicago fire (1871), and the San Francisco (post-earthquake) fire (1906) are well-known examples. For additional US examples, see Christine Meisner Rosen, The limits of power: Great fires and the process of city growth in America, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

3. Habitat II: Urban indicators that reflect the effects of environmental (natural, technological, social) hazards and disasters

Participants in the Habitat II conference process identified 27 indicators that are useful for making comparisons among conditions of urban living throughout the world. Indicator data from 235 cities in 110 countries were collected during 1995 - 1996. The following three indicators directly or indirectly measure some aspect of environmental hazard:

Indicator 19:	Housing destroyed. Defined as the proportion of housing stock destroyed per thousand by natural or man-made disasters over the past 10 years.
Indicator 10:	Median price of water, scarce season.
Indicator 6:	Crime rates. Defined as reported murders and reported thefts per thousand population annually.

4. Habitat II: Top 105 best practices of urban development that involve disaster management and humanitarian investment

Title of project	Location
Urban Planning and Reconstruction of a War-torn City Centre, Beirut	Lebanon^b
Resettlement in Northern Iraq	Iraq
Palestinian Housing Council	Palestine
Housing Settlement Project in Shanghai	China^b
Post-Calamity Reconstruction of Anhui Province's Rural Areas^a	China
Urban community development for the resettlement of Ein Helwan, Cairo^a	Egypt^b

Source: United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), Annotated bibliography of best practices 100 list, A/CONF.165/CRP.3, Nairobi, 11 April 1996.
a. Projects undertaken in response to natural disasters.
b. Projects located in large urban areas (mega-cities).

5. Habitat II: Best practices of urban development that involve the reduction or management of natural hazards and disasters

Title of project	Location
A Structural Program for Hazardous Slum Areas in Belo Horizonte	Brazil^a
Favela-Bairro Program	Brazil
Natural Disaster Control Plan in Serro do Mar, Cubatao Region	Brazil^a
Rehabilitation of Urban Areas - Guarapiranga Project	Brazil
Prevention and Reduction of Geological Risks in the Hills of Santos	Brazil^a
Post-disaster Reconstruction and Rehabilitation of Rural Areas in Anhui	China
Reconstruction of Ethnic Miao Wood Houses, Zhengdou village, Guangxi	China
Applicable Technology for Rebuilding Houses Damaged by Earthquakes	Costa Rica^a
Disaster Management	Cuba
A Comprehensive Urban Development Project for Earthquake Victims	Egypt^a
The Construction of 100 Schools - Contribution of Egyptian citizens	Egypt^a
Developing the Constructive Urbane Environment in Sohag	Egypt
El-Tadamon Village - Assuite	Egypt
The National Projects for Establishing New Villages in Upper Egypt	Egypt
The Role of the Ministry of Urban Communities	Egypt
Innovative Shelter Delivery Mechanisms for Earthquake Affected Villages	India

Source: Best Practices Database, Habitat II (1997). http://www.bestpractices.org.
a. Projects located in large urban areas (mega-cities).

6. Habitat II: Best practices of urban development that involve the reduction or management of technological hazards and disasters

Title of project	Location
Vienna Air Monitoring Network	Austria^a
The Establishment of the Pedagogical Process of Traffic	Brazil
The Intersectoral Involvement of Society in Traffic Safety	Brazil
Helsinki - The Energy Efficient City	Finland^a
Intervention in Historic Settlement of the Plaka - Conservation Revival	Greece
Solar Village 3	Greece
Tehran's Action Plans for Improving the Living Environment	Iran^a
Promotion of Latrine Construction by Low-income Households in Maputo	Mozambique^a
Introducing Public Transport by Trolley-Bus	Romania
Reducing Pollution and Improving Environmental Quality	Romania
Improving Living Environments Through Comprehensive Local Policy	Sweden
The City of Stockholm	Sweden^a
Electric Buses, Application and Research	USA
Switched Onto Safety	United Kingdom
Changing Travel Behaviour and Public Attitudes to Transport in Hampshire	United Kingdom
Energy Efficient Best Practice Programme	United Kingdom
Sustainability Indicators in Merton	United Kingdom
Blueprint for Leicester - Focus on Leicester's Home Energy Strategy	United Kingdom

Source: Best Practices Database, Habitat II (1997). http://www.bestpractices.org.
a. Projects located in large urban areas (mega-cities).