Surface Water Treatment by Roughing Filters - A Design, Construction and Operation Manual (SKAT, 1996)

(introduction...)

Publishers

Foreword

Preface

Executive summary

Part 1: General aspects of roughing filter application

1. Historical development and experience with water treatment

2. Water treatment concept

3. Raw water quality

3.1 Raw water characterisation

3.2 Catchment area

3.3 Water quality analysis

4. Solid matter separation

(introduction...)

4.1 Sedimentation

4.2 Roughing filtration

5. Bacteriological water quality improvement

(introduction...)

5.1 Slow sand filtration

5.2 Chlorination

6. Layout of a water supply scheme

6.1 General considerations

6.2 Hydraulic profile

6.3 Treatment steps

6.4 Water distribution

7. Roughing filtration application

7.1 Historic use

7.2 Development of roughing filters

Part 2: Design, construction and operation of roughing filters

8. Classification of roughing filters

9. General aspects of roughing filter design

9.1 Main features

9.2 Basic filtration theory

9.3 Design variables and guidelines

9.4 Flow and headloss control

9.5 Filter drainage system

9.6 General design aspects

10. Detailed filter design

10.1 Intake Filters

10.2 Dynamic filters

10.3 Vertical-flow roughing filters

10.4 Horizontal-flow roughing filters

11. Roughing filter efficiency

11.1 Practical experience

11.2 Pilot plant tests

12. Selection criteria for roughing filters

(introduction...)

12.1 Raw water quality as selection criteria

12.2 Layout and operational aspects as selection criteria

13. Construction of roughing filters

(introduction...)

13.1 Filter box

13.2 Filter material

13.3 Inlet and outlet structures

13.4 Drainage system

13.5 Gravel and sand washing facilities

14. Operation and maintenance of roughing filters

(introduction...)

14.1 Caretaker training

14.2 Treatment plant commissioning

14.3 Flow control

14.4 Water quality control

14.5 Filter cleaning

14.6 Filter maintenance

15. Economic aspects

(introduction...)

15.1 Construction costs

15.2 Operating and maintenance costs

15.3 Overall costs of water supply schemes

16. Design examples

(introduction...)

16.1. Treatment of an upland river

16.2 Treatment of a lowland stream

16.3 Treatment of reservoir water

16.4 Rehabilitation of a slow sand filter plant

16.5 Standard designs for compact water treatment plants

17. Final remarks

(introduction...)

References

Abbreviations

Annexes

Simple methods for water quality analysis

Simple methods for discharge measurements

Salient data and features of slow sand filters

Roughing filter theory

Pilot plant design examples

Roughing filter design examples

Outline for caretaker training

Monitoring of filter operation

Acknowledgements and credits