Bioconversion of Organic Residues for Rural Communities (UNU, 1979): Bioconversion products: toxicology

Bioconversion of Organic Residues for Rural Communities (UNU, 1979)

From the charter of the United Nations University

Foreword

Perspectives on bioconversion of organic residues for rural communities

(introduction...)

Introduction

Sources of available nutrients

The most suitable materials for bioconversion

Characteristics of residues

Bioconversion systems

Physical and chemical treatments

Microbial conversion

The animal conversion phase

Summary

References

Availability of organic residues as a rural resource

(introduction...)

Discussion summary: Papers by van der Wal and Barreveld

Micro-organisms as tools for rural processing of organic residues

(introduction...)

Introduction

Microbial utilization of mono- and di-saccharide residues

Microbial conversion of starchy residues

Microbial conversion of complex mixtures of compounds (Polysaccharides, Proteins, Lipids, etc.)

Microbial utilization of cellulose and ligno-cellulose residues

Algal culture as a source of biomass

Microbial utilization of silviculture biomass

Micro-organisms and marine and freshwater biomass

International studies on processing organic residues

References

Production of feed as an objective for bioconversion systems

(introduction...)

Introduction

General characteristics

Manure as feed

Sewage-grown micro-algae

Conclusion

References

Environmental goals for microbial bioconversion in rural communities

(introduction...)

Introduction

Health and water economy

Fertilizer and energy economy

Concluding remarks

References

Discussion summary: Papers by Porter, Berk and La Rivière

Strategies for developing small-scale fermentation processes in developing countries

(introduction...)

References

Discussion summary

Production of microbial protein foods on edible substrates, food by-products, and ligno-cellulosic wastes

(introduction...)

Preface

Introduction

Contributions to the solution of nutritional problems

Development of protein-rich vegetarian meat substitutes in the western world

References

Discussion summary

The role of ruminants in the bioconversion of tropical byproducts and wastes into food and fuel

(introduction...)

Introduction

Nutritional limitations in the use of tropical by-products and waste

Practical experience with tropical by-products and wastes as feed for ruminants

An integrated system for converting tropical feeds and byproducts into milk, beef, and fuel

References

Discussion summary

Possible applications of enzyme technology in rural areas

(introduction...)

Introduction

Biocatalytic processes

Enzyme hydrolysis of manioc

Whole cell systems

Cellulose degradation and utilization

Transfer of enzyme technology to rural communities

Conclusions

References

Discussion summary

Indian experience with treated straw as feed

(introduction...)

Introduction

Experience with straw treatment

Field testing and demonstration of straw treatment

General considerations

Summary

Annex 1. The energy efficiency of the two-stage, feed-fuel processing of straw in indian villages

Annex 2. Method of calculating the value presented in table 2 for the efficiency of naoh energy usage

Annex 3. Recommendations to farmers on the treatment of straw

Annex 4. Calculated efficiency of milk production by straw-fed village buffaloes

References

Discussion summary

Indian experience with algal ponds

(introduction...)

Introduction

Cultivation of algae in wastes for feed

Problems of contamination

Cultivation of algae for biofertilizer

References

Acknowledgements

Discussion summary

Organic residues in aquaculture

(introduction...)

Introduction

The range of production in aquaculture

The value of organic wastes

Direct feeding

Concluding remarks

References

Discussion summary

Biogas generation: developments. Problems, and tasks - an overview

(introduction...)

Introduction

What is biogas?

Microbiology of CH4, or bio-methanogenesis

The biogas plant-some technical considerations

Environmental and operational considerations

Developments and processes for rural areas

Cost-benefit analyses

Health hazards

Bottlenecks, considerations, and research and development

References

Discussion summary

Mushroom production technology for rural development

(introduction...)

Materials and methods for growing mushrooms under natural or field conditions

Growing mushrooms under semicontrolled conditions

Results and discussion

References

Discussion summary

The combination of algal and anaerobic waste treatment in a bioregenerative farm system

(introduction...)

Introduction

Algae production on organic wastes

The bioregenerative farm

References

Discussion summary

A continuous composting system for disposal and utilization of animal wastes at the village level

(introduction...)

Status of land utilization and disposal of animal wastes

A continuous composting system for land utilization of animal wastes at the village level

References

Bioconversion of fruit and vegetable wastes

(introduction...)

State of the art of bioconversion

Technical transfer

Integrated research on agricultural waste reclamation

(introduction...)

Introduction

Production of yeast from soybean cooking waste at miso factories

Application of soy waste as koji substrate for rice miso manufacturing (5, 6)

Conclusion

References

Discussion summary

Solid state fermentation of starchy substrates

(introduction...)

Introduction

Materials and methods

Agro-economic perspectives

Summary

References

Discussion summary

Production of single-cell protein from cellulose

(introduction...)

Introduction

Experimental results

Discussion

Summary

References

Acknowledgements

Discussion summary

Analysis of energy cost of integrated systems

(introduction...)

Energy cost and energy requirement

Why energy analysis?

Net energy intensity

What criteria are offered by energy analysis?

Conclusion

References

Analysis of bioconversion systems at the village level

(introduction...)

Introduction

Approach to bioconversion analysis

Some results and costs from integrated systems

Future development possibilities

Conclusions

Summary

References

Nutritional evaluation of bioconversion products for farm animals

(introduction...)

Introduction

Testing procedures for determination of nutritional value

Bioconversion products: toxicology - problems and potential

(introduction...)

Summary

References

Nutritional evaluation in humans

(introduction...)

Introduction

Evaluation of products of bioconversion for human consumption

Procedures for nutritional evaluation in humans

The evaluation of various food products

Concept of productivity

Conclusions

References

Discussion summary: Papers by van Weerden, Shacklady, and Bressani

Biomass from organic residues for animal and human feeding

(introduction...)

References

Discussion summary

Appropriate biotechnology - summary remarks

(introduction...)

References

Other UNU Publications

(introduction...)

Books

References

1. C. Engel, "Safety Evaluation of Yeast Grown on Hydrocarbons," in H. Gounelle de Pontanel (ed.), Proteins from Hydrocarbons, pp. 53 - 81, Academic Press, New York, 1972.

2. A.P. de Groot, M.P. Til, and V.J. Feron, "Safety Evaluation of Yeast Grown on Hydrocarbons. I. One-year Feeding Study in Rats with Yeast Grown on Gas Oil," Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 8:267 (1970).

3. A.P. de Groot, M.P. Til, and V,J. Feron, "Safety Evaluation of Yeast Grown on Hydrocarbons. II. One-Year Feeding Study in Rats with Yeast Grown on Pure e-Paraffins," Food Cosmet. Toxicol, 8:499 (1970).

4. A.P. de Groot, M.P. Til, and V.J. Feron, "Safety Evaluation of Yeast Grown on Hydrocarbons, lilt Two-Year Feeding and Multigeneration Study in Rats with Yeast Grown on Gas Oil," Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 9: 787 11971).

5. A.P. de Groot, H.C. Dreef-van der Meulen, M.P. Til, and V.J. Feron, "Safety Evaluation of Yeast Grown on Hydrocarbons. IV. Two-Year Feeding and Multigeneration Study in Rats with Yeast Grown on Pure e-Paraffins," Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 13:619 (1975).

6. Protein Advisory Group, Guideline No. 6: Preclinical Testing, 1972, United Nations, New York,

7. Protein Advisory Group, Guideline No.7: Human Testing of Supplementary Food Mixtures, 1972 United Nations, New York.

8. Protein-Calorie Advisory Group, Guideline No. 15: Evaluating Novel Proteins for Anima/Feeding, 1974. United Nations, New York.

9. FDA Criteria and Procedures for Evaluating Assays for Carcinogenic Residues. Federal Register 42. 10412, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C., 1977.

10. European Environment Mutagen Society, "Mutagenicity Screening: General Principles and Minimal Criteria, "Biol. Zbl. 97: 217 (1978)

11. B.N. Ames, F.D, Leed, and W.E, Durston, ''An Improved Bacterial Test System for the Detection and Classification of Mutagens and Carcinogens," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.) 70. 782 (1973).

12. A.M. Pamukcu, E. Erturk, S. Yalciner, U. Milli, and G.T. Bryan, "Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Activities of Milk from Cows Fed Bracken Fern (Pteridium aquilinum)," Cancer Res. 38 (6): 1556 (1978).

13. H.W. Renner and R. Munzner, "Mutagenic Evaluation of Single Cell Protein with Various Mammalian Test Systems," Toxicology 10: 141 (1978).

14. J. McCann, E. Choi, E. Yamasaki, and B.N. Ames, "Detection of Carcinogens as Mutagens in the Salmonella Microsome Test Assay of 300 Chemicals," Proc, Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.) 72: 5135 (19751.

15. D.V. Parke, "Importance of Biochemical Parameters in Toxicological Evaluation of Food Additives and Contaminants," Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress on Animal Feeding (Madrid) 7:523 (1978).

16. R.E. McMahon, J.C. Cline, and C.Z. Thompson, "Assay of 855 Test Chemicals in Ten Tester Strains Using a New Modification of the Ames Test for Bacterial Mutagens," Cancer Res. 39 13): 682 (1979).