Annex 1: Maps on the deposits of Asbestos, Asbestos consumption and commercial trade of raw Asbestos

Map 1 (Asbestos - Deposits and Deposit Zones as well as Stock Piles 1981)

Map 2 (Asbestos - Mining: 1980; Stock Piles 1981)

Map 3 (Consumption of Asbestos in 1979)

Map 4 (The Commercial Trade of Raw Asbestos in 1978)

Annex 2: Health and safety data sheet for Asbestos cement in UK

14 December 1994

Scope: This information is provided in compliance with the Health and Safety at Work
Etc. Act 1974. Section 6 (as amended by the Consumer Protoction Act, 1987)

Manufacturer:

Product Names

'X' Asbestos Cement Corrugated Sheets for Roofing and Cladding of Industrial and Agricultural Buildings

'Y' Asbestos Cement Slates for Roofing and Vertical Cladding of Houses and other Buildings such as Schools, Hospitals, Offices etc.

Composition

Asbestos Cement corrugated sheets and slates are cement-based materials reinforced with chrysotile Asbestos (white) fibres. They contain approximately 10-12 % chrysotile Asbestos fibre and 88-90 % Portland Cement mixed with water.

Asbestos Cement corrugated sheeets are light grey in colour in their natural state, but some sheets are painted with a coloured acrylic surface coating.

Slates have a carbon black pigmented base and an acrylic surface coating.

Physical Properties

Corrugated sheets have a density of 1500 kg/m³ and a bending strength of 4,400 N/m width, when tested at 1100 mm clear span. Asbestos Cement slates are fully compressed and have an average bending strength of 27 N/mm² at a density of 1950 kg/m³. Industrial pollution will cause a slight softening of the surface of natural Asbestos Cement sheets.

Asbestos Cement products are non combustible when tested in accordance with BS476: Part 4 but are not suitable for fire resisting applications and should not be exposed to direct flame.

Potential Health Hazards

Inhaling dust which contains Asbestos fibres can seriously damage health and should be avoided.

The diseasses which may arise from the inhalation of Asbestos dust are Asbestosis - a form of fibriosis of the lungs, Lung Cancer, and Mesothelioma - a cancer of the lining of the chest or abdominal cavities. Because of synergistic effect of tobacco and Asbestos, smoking greatly increases the risk of Lung Cancer in Asbestos workers.

Provided recommended working practices are followed when working with Asbestos cement any risk to health will be very small.

Legislation

The Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations (CAWR) 1987, as amended by The Control of Asbestos at Work (Amendment) Regulations 1992 apply to everyone at risk from work with Asbestos and extend specific statutory protection to all those who encounter Asbestos at work or may be affected by work activities involving Asbestos.

In particular they place duties on employers to prevent or reduce to lowest level reasonably practicable the exposure of employees to Asbestos and the spread of Asbestos from the workplace.

The regulations set Control Limits and Action Levels for Asbestos. The Control Limits are the maximum concentrations of airborne Asbestos fibres averaged over any continuous 4 hours or 10 minute period, to which employees must not be exposed without appropriate protection.

The Control Limits for chrysotile Asbestos are 0.5 fibres/ml over 4 hours or 1.5 fibres/ml over 10 minutes. If after all reasonably practicable measures have been taken to prevent and/or reduce the level of exposure, it still reaches or exceeds the Control Limit, suitable personal protective equipment, (which includes respiratory protective equipment, protective clothing and footwear) must be provided.

The Action Level is expressed as the cumulative over any continuous period of 12 weeks. (It is the exposure in fibres/ml multiplied by the number of hours over which the exposure occurs expressed as fibre hours/ml. Those exposures are added together to give a total cumulative exposure).

The Action Level for chrysotile Asbestos is 96 fibre hours/ml.

If this Action Level is liable to be exceeded additional regulations in CAWR come into operation namely notification of work with Asbestos (Regulation 6), medical surveillance (Regulation 16) and designation of works areas (Regulation 14).

Guidance

Guidance on the Regulations is provided in the Approved Code of Practice on The Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations, as amended by The Control of Asbestos at Work (Amendment) Regulations 1992.

Further guidance is given in EH36 Work with Asbestos Cement and MS13 Asbestos.

Assessment

The first decision employers should make is whether it is reasonably practicable to avoid exposure to Asbestos altogether by using a substitute product.

If Asbestos cement must be used the employer should make an assessment of the likely exposure before starting work. The assessment should normally be in writing, unless the work is simple, on a small scale and exposures are low so that the assessment can be easily reported and explained. The assessment should cover the type of work and duration; the steps to be taken to prevent or reduce the exposure to employees to the lowest level reasonably practical; the release of Asbestos to the environment; the provision and use of protective equipment and its cleaning (if appropriate); the procedures for removal of waste and the procedures for dealing with emergencies.

Personal Protective Equipment

Approved Repiratory Protective Equipment (RPE) should be worn if the exposure is likely to exceed the Control Limit. All personal protective equipment provided, including RPE, should comply with the requirements of the Personal Protective Equipment (EC Directive) Regulations 1992, and bear the European Communities conformity mark 'CE'. Until the new legislation comes into effect, employers may continue to buy equipment which does not carry the 'CE' mark, and existing PPE can continue in use. In these cases, RPE must be of a type approved by, or conform to a standard approved by HSE.

Workers should be trained how to use respirators. The equipment should be maintained in good working order, cleaned and disinfected after use and stored in a suitable locker or container.

Workers should be provided with Protective Clothing if a significant quantity of Asbestos is liable to be deposited on their clothes. Protective Clothing will not be required where dust levels are very low and exposures are brief and there is little risk of Asbestos sticking to clothing. This may include activities such as handling of new Asbestos cement, hand drilling of damp Asbestos cement sheets or scribing and breaking of slates which are unlikely to result in the deposit of a significant quantity of fibre. Industrial working clothes such as jackets and overalls may be regarded as suitable. At this level of contamination washing facilities can be shared with other workers.

As the amount of cutting, breakage and drilling increases there will be a point where a significant quantity of Asbestos is deposited on the clothing and Protective Clothing, which includes clothing and footwear, must be provided.

Protective Clothing contaminated with Asbestos should either be disposed of after use, as if it was Asbestos waste or sent to a laundry equipped with facilities capable of handling Asbestos contaminated clothing. This should never be taken home for cleaning.

Protective Clothing should be removed before leaving the working area, on all occasions including meal breaks, other breaks and completion of work.

Air Monitoring

Air monitoring should be carried out periodically to check the level of exposure, the effectiveness of controls and the adequacy of protective equipment, where exposure exceeds or is liable to exceed the control limit.

This can be once a year provided that the results of the two preceding measurements have not exceeded half the control limit and there is no substantial change in the work methods and workplace conditions.

Where exposures are low and not likely to approach the control limit, monitoring may not be appropriate. Guidance on typical fibre levels for work with Asbestos cement products is contained in HSE Guidance Note EH35 'Probable Asbestos dust concentrations at construction processes'.

Precautions

Prevention of exposure is the first objective and Asbestos products should only be used where a less hazardous substitute is not reasonably practicable eg. where substitutes cannot meet a critical technical performance requirement of an application. If this is not possible, precautions should be taken to keep exposure as low as reasonably practicable and to ensure that workers are adequately protected.

Information, instruction and training should be provided so employees are aware of the risks and precautions.

Transport and Storage

Other than good haulage practice in securing the consignment, no special transport precautions need to be taken with Asbestos Cement products. Products should be appropriately labelied including specific saftey instructions. Sheets should be stored as near as possible to the area where they are to be used, and away from roadways and moving vehicles. They should be stacked horizontally on level, firm ground on timber bearers.

Handling and Use

Low levels of exposure will arise if the following precautions are taken:

Use exhaust ventilation equipment where reasonably practicable;

Keep the material wet wherever possible;

Carry out sawing and drilling out in the open air;

Use hand saws and low speed reciprocating saws for mitring and cutting of corrugated sheets. Use hand drills in a downward direction for drilling sheets and slates;

Scribe and break slates;

Keep the work areas clean and tidy, take care to prevent the spread of contamination and accumulation of waste materials and clean using a dustless method such as washing or by using vacuum cleaners suitable for Asbestos.

Substantial releases of dust will be created in excess of the Control Limit, if work is carried out with power tools such as cutting and grinding discs and high speed circular saws. These should not be used under any circumstances if exhaust ventilation has not been provided.

Special Precautions

Asbestos Cement sheets are fragile within the meaning of Regulation 36 of the Construction (working places) Regulations 1966, roof ladders and crawling boards must be used.

Waste Disposal

Asbestos Cement dust should be vacuumed at frequent intervals during working so there is no accumulation of dust. Only vacuum cleaning equipment fitted with high efficiency filters such as type H (BS 5415) vacuum cleaners are suitable for use with Asbestos. Where vacuuming is not possible, the dust should be dampened and collected while still damp and bagged in double plastic bags, sealed and labelled.

Small pieces of Asbestos cement waste should be placed in double plastic sacks which are tied or sealed. Larger pieces should be wrapped in plastic sheets and placed in a sealed container or securely sheeted skip. The containers should be labelled and removed by a registered waste carrier to a licensed waste manager.

Annex 3: Asbestos fiber emissions from particular processes

DUST CONCENTRATIONS

The figures below arc a guide lo the airborne fibre levels that may be expected close to the operator's breathing zone in a number of different processes. The following points should be borne in mind when using them.

(a) They are based on measurement taken by HSE. Different processes in different locations may result in higher or lower concentrations than those listed in the table;

(b) They are average concentrations for the time during which the process is actually taking place. To check whether a control limit or action level is exceeded a time-weighted average over the appropriate reference period must be calculated;

(c) Selection of a figure from the list is not itself an assessment. The person making the assessment must consider whether it is reasonably practicable to use methods that give a still lower value.

Process	Concentration fibres/ml	Process	Concentration fibres/ml
Asbestos Stripping Operations		Asbestos insulation board and titles (normally amosite and chrysotile)
(a) De-lagging		(a) Sanding and surforming
(i) dry stripping of crocidolite	100-1000
(ii) dry stripping, except crocidolite	greater than 20	(b) Machine cueing without exhaust ventilation
(iii) stripping with water sprays	540	(ii) circular saw greater than	20
(iv) controlled wet stripped		(iii) jig saw	5-20
(thorough soaking of insulation)	1-5	(with exhaust ventilation)	(1-5)
(c) Drilling overhead	5-10
(b) Removal of insulation board and tiles		(d) Drilling vertical columns	2-5
(i) breaking and ripping out	5-20	(e) Hand sawing	5-10
(ii) unscrewing and careful removal with application of local exhaust ventilation less than	2	(f) Scribing and breaking	1-5
		(g) Rough handling of insulating board and greater than removal of pieces	15
		(h) Careful removal of whole boards	Up to 5
		Note: The dust levels are likely to be highest if amosite is present and the material is handled roughly. Bad handling practices may result in much higher concentrations.
Asbestos cement sheets and pipes (normally chrysotile)		Decorative Plasters
(a) Machine cutting without exhaust ventilation		Scraping painted plaster	0. 1-0.2
(i) abrasive disc cutting	15-25	Light hand sanding of unpainted areagreater than 0.3
(ii) circular sew	10-20	Mixinggreater than	0.1
(iii) jig saw	2-10
(b) Machine sawing without exhaust ventilation	below 2
(c) Reciprocating saw	below 1
(d) Hand sawing	below 1
(e) Machine drilling	below 1
(f) Removing of Asbestos-cement sheeting	below 0.5
(g) Stacking of Asbestos-cement sheet after removal	below 0.5
(h) Remote demolition of Asbestos-cement structures	below 1
Caution: subsequent clearance may give rise	greater than 1)
(i) Cleaning of Asbestos cement:
	Roofing	Vertical cladding
Dry brushing (wire)	3	5-8
Wet brushing (wire)	1-3	1-2
Water-jetting	0-0.5	1-2

(Note: water jetting may produce debris and slurry which is difficult to control.)

Annex 4: US Federal Regulations for Asbestos

	Occupational Standards
OSHA	6/72 permanent standard: for occupational exposure of 5 f/cc. to be lowered to 2 f/cc in 1 976.
OSHA	10/75 proposed lowering standard to 0.5 f/cc.
OSHA	7/76 2 f/cc standard became effective
NIOSH	12/76 recommended OSHA lower the standard to 0.1 f/cc.
MSHA	3/76 2 f/cc standard in coal mines.
MSHA	11/78 2 f/cc standard in metal and nonmetallic mines (includes sand. gravel & crushed stone operations.)
OSHA	11/83 issued emergency temporary standard (ETSI of 0.5 f/cc.)
OSHA	11/83 ETS stayed pending legal arguments by Asbestos industry
OSHA	3/84 ETS overturned in Federal District Court.
OSHA	4/84 proposed lowering pesmissible exposure level lo either 0.5 or 0.2 f/cc. Air Emissions
EPA/NESHAP	3/71 Asbestos listed as a hazardous air pollutant.
EPA/NESHAP	4/73 "no visible emissions" standard for milling and manufacturing of Asbestos products and demolition of buildings-prohibited spray application for most uses of friable materials containing more than 1 % Asbestos.
EPA/NESHAP	10/75 waste collection and disposal Included under the no visible emissions standard, added several processing industries to those already covered: renovation operations regulated.
EPA/NESHAP	6/78 extended provisions to cover all uses of friable spray-on material and no visible emissions standard to cover ail friable Asbestos-containing materials during demolition and renovation, U.S. Supreme 1178 decision in the Adamo Wrecking Co. case Court ruled that EPA did not. prior to the 1977 Clean Air Act amendments, have the authority to impose work practice requirements, thus invalidating those pares of the NESHAP regulations which are not emissions standards.
EPA/NESHAP	7/83 proposed reinstatement of these provisions.
EPA/NESHAP	4/84 provisions reinstated by promulgating current standard, Asbestos In Schools
EPA	3/79 through the OTS. EPA initialed a technical assistance program to help schools identify and control friable Asbestos-containing materials.
EPA/TSCA	9/79 ANPR on Asbestos-containig materials in schools.
EPA/TSCA	9/80 proposed rule on identification and notification of friable Asbestos-containing materials In schools
U.S. Dept of	9/80 under the Asbestos School Hazard Education Detection and Control Act. proposed a rule to establish a gram and loan program to reimburse schools for detecting and controlling friable Asbestos-containing materials in schools.
U.S. Dept of	1/81 final rule-funds have not been education appropriated to conduct this program.
EPA/TSCA	5/82 final rule on identification and notification of friable Asbestos-containing materials in schools.
EPA/TSCA	2/83 granted a Section 21 petition from the Service Employees Intl Union to commence regulatory action on schools and buildings Asbestos abatement.
EPA/TSCA	2/83- granted a Section 21 petition from the 5/84 Service Employees Intl Union to commence regulatory action on schools and buildings Asbestos abatement.
EPA	8/84 under the Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act of 1984. administers a loan and grant program to help schools eliminate Asbestos hazards. Commercial Use of Asbestos
CPSC	12/77 rules prohibiting use of Asbestos In consumer patching compounds and embertzing agents.
EPA/TSCA	10/79 ANPR with CPSC announcing intent to consider regulations of commercial uses of Asbestos
EPA/TSCA	12/79 ANPR modification.
EPA/TSCA	9/80 proposed rule under Section 8(a) to require reporting of production and exposure data on Asbestos.
EPA/TSCA	7/82 final rule under Section 8(a) to require reporting of production and exposure dale on Asbestos. Water Emissions
EPA/FWPCA	2/74 effluent guidelines for Asbestos manufacturing point sources and new source performance standards. Waste Disposal
EPA/RCRA	5/80 Asbestos listed as a hazardous waste in proposed rule.
EPA/RCRA	11/80 when Issuing interim final rules on portions of the disposal regulations. EPA staled it would "temporartly defer" promulgation of the listing of Asbestos while investigating the extent to which NESHAP facilities afford comparable protection. Other Actions
DOT	8/79 rule toe require controls during transportation of friable Asbestos.
FDA	3/75 rule to prevent release of Asbestos from fillers used for some drugs.
FDA	1/76 rule lo revoke permission to use the electrolytic diaphragm process for salt

Annex 5: Commercial names of Asbestos containing products

Aboglas
Accobest
Accobest AN-8012
Acoa
Aertite
AFD
Aircel
Aircell
Akoustikos Felt
Aland
Albaseal
Aluma-Seal
Alum-I-Flex
Amberlite
Amerbestos
American Colonial
Anti-Sweat
Apac
Apac Board
Applon C TFE
Applon T TFE
Armaturo Asbestos
Tape
Armor Spray
Armor Temp
Armstrong LT Cork
Coverings
Asbaltic
Asbestall
Asbestex
Asbestibel
Asbestile
Asbestite
Asbestoboard
Asbestocel
Asbestocite
Asbestogard

Asbestolux
Asbeston
Asbestone
Asbestone Standard
400
Asbestoroc
Asbestos Ebony
Asbestos-Ebony
Asbestos Fibrated
Asbestos Firetard
Jacket
Asbestos Grapevine
Finish Felt
Asbestos Liquid
Asbestos Lumiclad
Asbestos Millboard
Asbestos Sponge
Asbestos Sponge Felt
Asbestos Roll Fire
Felt
Asbestrolan
Ascarite
Atlas
Aubeston
BB
BBA
Bellowseal
Best Felt
Bes-Tos
Bestolite
Bestophalt
Beswick
Black Top Asbestos
Jacket
Blastape

Calidria Asbestos
Cal Temp
Caposite
Carbac
Carey
Careybesto-Bord
Careycel
Careyclad
Carey Duct
Careyflex
Careysote
Careystone
Careytemp
Cedargrain
Cellamite
Cell-O-Tone
Cemesto
Cemesto Structural
Insulating Panels
Centripac
Century
Century Apac
Certain-teed
Chemlon
Chempac
Chemstone
Chemtite
Chesterton Sixty Four
Chesterton 1000
Chroma Tex
Chroma-Tone
Chrom-Tex
Cleangard
Cogasa
Cohrlastic
Colonial Stone

Colorator
Colorbestos
Color Ground
Colorlith
Color-Tex

Contico
Copperclad
Coronet
Covergard
Crystal White
Cutno
CW
Deltabeston
Designer Solids
Dominique
Doublex
Double Sanded
Asbestos
Dualay
Duplex
Dura-Color
Duraform
Dura Shake
Durocell
Du Shield
Ebonized Asbestos
Electrobestos
Enduro
Etemit
Etemit Stonewall
Excelon

Facespan
Featherweight
Felbestos
Fl-ACS
Fiberock

Fiberock Asbestos
Felt
Fiber Shake
Fiberspray Asbestos
Fibra Flo
Fibre Coating
Asbestos
Fibre Kote
Fibrocel
Fibro-Cell
Fibrofil
Fibro-Fill
Fibroid
Fibroid Stove Putty
Fil-lnsul
Filpaco
Fire Chex
Fire-Chex
Fireclad
Fire Felt
Firegard
Fireguard Jacketing
Fire Halt
Firetard
Flamemaster
Flamegard
Flamesafe
Flexachrome
Flexboard
Flexgold
Flex-Slate
Flexstone
Flintite
Fluorobestos
FMC
F.O.P.
Form Pack 2

Foster
Frost Proof
GAF
Gardwell
Gardwell Products
Glatex
Goetze Metallic
Gaskets
Gold Bond
Grafil
Gralam
Grizzly
G.T. Ring
Guardian Line
Gum-Bestos
Herco
Hi Seal
Hoodex-22
Hopaco
Homeblende
Hy Temp
Imperial
Imperial Excelon
Imperial Pipe
Covering
Industrial
Industro-Tile
Insulation Seal 820
Insulcolor
Isobestos
Janobestos
Janos

Jewett
JM or Johns-Manville
Kaobestos
Kaylo
Kearsarge

K-Fac
Klingerit
K & M Aircell
Kornmetal
K Therm

Lasco
Linabestos
LK
LO-CA
Lok-Tab
Marinite
Mastic
Maticove
McKim
Microbestos
Mightyplate
Mimco
Minkote
Modernaire
Monobestos
Monoblock
Montasite
Multi-Ply
Mundct
New Era

Niagrite
Nicolet
Non -Con - Du x
Noriscell
Novabestos
Nu Grain
Nu Side
Nu Way
Ohmstone
ONC

One Cote Cement
Pabco
Paknmetal
Pal-lite
Palmetto
Palmetto Cutno
Palmetto Super Sheat
Pamco
Panelstone
Permaboard
Permatherm
Permatone
Piedra
Plastic
Plastibest
Pliaboard
PlastiClad
Plasticrylic
Plia-F-Lex
Pluto
Portugese Asbestos
Powminco
Prasco High
Temperature
Prenite
Prismatic
Profile
Pyrotex Felt
Q-Beston
Quinorgo
Quinterra
Ranch Style
Red Mastite
Rendezvous
Resistal
Ring-Tite

Ripple Tone
R-M or Raybestos
Manhattan
RM 7504
R/M 24 H120
R/M E-66

Roca
Rock Slate
Romanaire
Rondelle
Rubber Coat
3 R
Salamander
Salon
Sal-Mo
Scandiva
Sea Ring Packing
Selko-Flo
Service Sheet Packing
& Cut Gaskets
Shasta Snow
Sheetflextos
Shingle Seal
Simco
Sindanyo
Soundgard
Spintex
Spiroflex
Spirotallic
Splashgard
Spray-Cote
Spray Craft
Sprayed ,,Limpet"
Asbestos
Sta Safe Long Life
Sterlbestos
Stik-On
Stone Chip

Stoneglow
Stonewall
Stratate
Stri-Color
Strip-N-La
Summit
Supcrbestos
Super Cutno
Superheat
Super X
Super 66
Supradur
Sure-Stik
Tadpole
Target
Tempcheck
Terraflex
Terratex
Thermal Kote
Therrnalon
Thermatite
Thermobestos
Thcrrno-Bord
Thermofelt
Therm-O-F1akc
Thcrrnoflex
Therrnomat
Thermo-Pac
Therrnostone
Thermo-Tape

Thermotex B
Thermo-Wrap
ThnDt-T
Thru Chip
Tile-Tex
Tilostone TK 33
Transhield
Transite
Transite-Korduct
Transitop
Tru Flame
Tropag
U F P
Ultra-Fine
Unibestos
Unibestos 750
Unibestos 1200
Uni Syn
Uni Syn Style No. 239
V Dent
Ventsulation
Victopac
Vitribestos
Vitrobestos
Vulca-Dek
Weldgard
White Top Asbestos
Jacket
White Tope
Whittaker
Wirepak
Woodflex
York Asbestos
Zerogloss
Zeroseal
Zetabond
Zip Stik
0-0-7-9
0-0-10-6
No. 60 Service Sheet
99 Finishing Cement
No. 100 Kearsarge
Sheet
No. 101 Mobilene
Sheet
Grade 115 Cement
No. 1 16 Kearsarge
Gaskets
No. 1 18 Kearsarge
Gaskets
Grade 214 Cement
No. 302 Insulation
Cement
303 Asbestos Cement
707 Asbestos Cement

Annex 6: Advantages and disadvantages of Asbestos abatement methods

Annex 6

Annex 7: Asbestos data from the environmental handbook Vol. III: Compendium of environmental standards

ASBESTOS

DESIGNATIONS

CAS No.:	1332-21-4
Registry name:	Asbestos
Chemical name:	Asbestos
Synonyms, Trade names:	Serpentine Asbestos, amphibole Asbestos, fibre Asbestos, blue Asbestos
Chemical name (German):	Asbest
Chemical name (French):	Amiante
Appearance:	fibrous, impure minerals whose colour varies between pure white and green, brown or grey depending on the iron-oxide content; crocidolite is blue (blue Asbestos); the fibres are between 20 and 25 nm long; Asbestos fibres are smooth and greasy to the touch.

BASIC CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DATA

Asbestos is not a chemical element, but rather an umbrella term for two groups of minera (serpentine and amphibole Asbestos)

	Serpentine	Amphibole
	Chrysotile	Crocidolite	Amosite	Anthophyllite	Tremolite	Actinolite
Empirical	Mg3	Na2Fe2(Fe,Mg)3	(Fe,Mg)7	Mg7	Ca2Mg5	Ca2(Mg,Fe)5
formula:	Si2O5(OH)4	Si8O22 (OH)2	Si8O22(OH)2	Si8O22(OH)2	Si8O22(OH)2	Si8O22(OH)2
Rel
molecul.	277.13g	1,008.82g	1,171.83 g	780.88 g	812.42 g	1,091.67 g
Density:	2.2-2.6 g/cm³	2.8-3.6 g/cm³	2.9-3.3 g/cm³	2.8-3.2 g/cm³	2.9-3.2 g/cm³	3.0-3.21 g/cm³
Melting point:	1,500°C	1,200°C	1,400°C	1,450°C	1,31 5°C	1 ,400°C

Flash point Asbestos is non-combustible, resistant to heat and features a lo conductivity in water: insoluble

ORIGIN AND USE

Usage:
Because of its heat-resistance and suppleness and its capacity for being incorporated into inorganic and organic binders, Asbestos is used in industry for thermal insulation, fireproofing and sealing in addition to acting as a filler in the production of countless composites (more than 3000). Economic exploitation is centred on chrysotile Asbestos from the serpentine group (95 %). 5 % of amphibole Asbestos is used for Asbestos-fibre production.

Spun Asbestos is used for fireproof, chemical-resistant clothing. When mixed with cement, Asbestos is cast to form panels and pipes (70 - 90 % of the world production is used in the construction industry in Western Europe; ace. WHO, 1987). Asbestos has also been used as a filter material in the drinks and pharmaceutical industry and for the manufacture of brake and clutch linings for motor vehicles.

Origin/derivation:
Asbestos is extremely widespread in nature. The most important deposits are to be found in the former Soviet Union, Canada and South Africa. Natural emissions are produced for example by the weathering of serpentine rocks.

Production figures:
Worldwide production in 1983 was in excess of 4 million tons (WHO, 1987). The main producers are as follows (WHO, 1986):

USSR	1983:	2,250,000 t/a
Canada	1983:	820,000 t/a
South Africa	1983:	221,111 t/a
Brazil	1983:	158,855 t/a
Zimbabwe	1983:	153,221 t/a
Italy	1983:	139,054 t/a
China	1983:	110,000 t/a

TOXICITY

Humans:	TCLo 2.8 fibres/cm³/5 years	acc.UBA, 1986
	TCLo 1.2 fibres/cm³/19 years without interruption	ace. UBA, 1986
Mammals:
Rat	TDLo 100 mg/kg, intrapleural	ace. UBA, 1986

As yet there are no known characteristic toxicology data (DVGW, 1988).

CHARACTERISTIC EFFECTS:

HUMANS/MAMMALS:

Various Asbestos-induced illnesses are known from the industrial medicine sector in which the size of the fibres plays a crucial role. Generally speaking, fibres with a diameter of less than 2 ym and a length of more than 5 ym are considered to be hazardous to health (diameter: length = 1: 3). Such a fibre size is capable of entering the lungs, gathering there and becoming encapsulated. Fibres have also been found to have a certain migration capability in the organism and the cell metabolism. Accumulation in the lungs causes sclerosis of the pulmonary alveoli and thus impairs the oxygen exchange. The inhalation of large quantities of fibre can cause asbes otosis which increases the risk of bronchial cancer. In particular, dusts < 200 ym are highly toxic and suspected of being a direct cause of tumours. Exposure to Asbestos irritates the eyes and the respiratory tract. Direct penetration into damaged skin produces excessive horrification. Fibres in the lungs bring about chronic bronchitis, irritation of the pleura and pleurisy. l:)istension of the lungs can result in lung cancer. Workplace exposure may produce periods of latency in the gastro-intestinal tract lasting up to 40 years.

ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR

Water:
Asbestos fibres cause water to become turbid, but are not soluble in water.

Air:
The dwell time in the atmosphere is dependent on the fibre size. Asbestos fibres can be transported over hundreds of kilometres in the atmosphere. Weathering produces short and thin Asbestos fibres from the coarse dust.

Soil:
If Asbestos fibres get into the soil, they accumulate on the surface and may be scattered again at any time. Particles in excess of 2 ym are not washed into the soil pores. In the soil itself and in sediments, Asbestos is considered to be harmless (DVGW, 1988). Asbestos dusts in refuse or on dumps must be covered or moistened during transportation to stop them ingressing into the air. Soils and sediments in general are considered as accumulation sites.

Half-life:
The half-life of fibres on mucous membranes is a matter of minutes - hours or days years after penetration into the tissue (HORN, 1989).

Food chain:
Asbestos fibres penetrate into organisms via drinking water. The pollution of drinking water is caused by fibres in Asbestos-cement pipes. The impact is a function of the calcium-carbonate saturation of the water and depends on the number of iron-oxide deposits in the pipes. There is as yet no proof of oral Asbestos intake causing cancer.

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

Medium/ acceptor	Sector	Country/ organ.	Status	Value	Cat.	Remarks	Source
Air:	Workp	A	L	250,000f/m³		chrysotile [1991]	acc. Albracht, 1991
	Workp	B	L	150,000 f/m³		crocidolite [1987]	acc. Albracht, 1991
	Workp	B	L	1,000,000 f/m³		other Asbestos [1987]	acc. Albracht, 1991
	Workp	CH	L	1,000,000 f/m³		dusts [1988]	acc. Albracht, 1991
	Workp	DK	L	300,000 f/m³		crocidolite, celling value (15min) [1988]	acc. Albracht, 1991
	Workp	DK	L	300,000 f/m³		other Asbestos [1988]	acc. Albracht, 1991
	Workp	F	L	500,000 f/m³		crocidolite [1987]	acc. Albracht, 1991
	Workp	F	L	1,000,000 f/m³		other Asbestos [1987]	ace. Albracht, 1991
	Workp	D	L	250,000 f/m³	TRK	chrysotile [1990]	acc. Albracht, 1991
	Workp	D	G	50,000 f/m³	TRK	crocidolite, remediation [1990]	acc. Albracht, 1991
	Workp	GB	L	200,000 f/m³		crocidolite, 4h [1984]	acc. Albracht, 1991
	Workp	GB	L	500,000f/m³		other Asbestos, 4h, [1984]	acc. Albracht, 1991
	Workp	DDR	L	1,000,000flm³		dusts [1983]	acc, Albracht, 1991
	Workp	DDR	L	2,000,000 f/m³		short time value(30 min) [1983]	acc. Albracht, 1991
	Workp	GR	L	500,000 f/m³		crocidolite [1988]	acc. Albracht, 1991
	Workp	GR	L	1,000,000 f/m³		other Asbestos [1988]	acc. Albracht, 1991
	Workp	IRL	L	500,000 f/m³		crocidolite [1989]	acc. Albracht, 1991
	Workp	IRL	L	1,000,000 f/m³		other Asbestos [1989]	acc. Albracht, 1991
	Workp	NL	L	200,000 f/m³		crocidolite, ceiling valu (10 min) 11989]	acc. Albracht, 1991
	Workp	N L	L	2,000,000 f/m³		Other Asbestos, 4h 119891	acc. Albracht, 1991
	Workp	S	L	200,000 f/m³		Asbestos (except chrysotile) 119871	acc. Albracht, 1991
	Workp	USA	L	200,000f/m³		Asbestosl1986]	acc. Albracht, 1991
	Workp	USA	G	200,000 f/m³		amosite	AMIH, 1988
	Workp	USA	G	500,000 f/m³		crocidolite	ACGIH, 1988
	Workp	USA	G	2,000,000 f/m³		chrydile,other Asbestos	ACGIH, 1988
	Air	F	(L)	0.1 mg/m³		Emission (dust)	acc.MEEKetal, 1985
	Air	D	L	0.1 mg/m³		TA-L fine dust, mass flow 2 0.5g/h	acc.DVGW, 1988
	Air	DDR	L	0.005 mg/m³	MlKk		ace. HORN, 1989
Foodstiff:	Drinkw	USA	L	7,100,000 UI		Average and long fibre	acc.wGW, 1988

Note:
There is virtually a complete ban in Denmark on materials containing Asbestos for production, import and utilization. Norway, Sweden and Holland control the Asbestos content of insulating materials and consumer goods in supplementary legislation.

COMPARISON/REFERENCE VALUES

Medium/origin	Country	Value	Source
Surface water:
Northem Lake Constance (1981 )	D	< 5 fibres/l x 103	acc. DVGW, 1988
Southern Lake Constance (1981 )	D	10-20 fibres/l x 103	acc. DVGW, 1988
FranconianForest(1981)	D	10-50 fibres/l x103	acc. DVGW, 1988
Bavarian Forest (1981 )	D	< 5-30 fibres/l x 103	acc. DVGW, 1988
Groundwater:
Northern Germany (1981 )	D	4-100 fibres/l x 103	acc. DVGW, 1988
Franconian Forest (1981 )	D	< 5-60 fibres/l x 103	acc. DVGW, 1988
Drinking water:
10 utility companies (1981)	D	5-1000 fibres/l x 103	acc. DVGW, 1988
Montreal(1971)	CDN	2,000-9,500 fibres/l x 103	acc. DVGW, 1988
Toronto (1974)	C D N	700-4,100 fibres/l x 103	acc. DVGW, 1988
Duluth(1974)	USA	20,000-75,000 fibres/l x 103	acc. DVGW, 1988
Chicago(1977)	USA	80-2,300 fibres/l x 103	acc. DVGW, 1988

ASSESSMENT/COMMENTS

Asbestos fibres are released into the environment by natural and anthropogenic processes. The liberation of Asbestos during the manufacture and processing of materials containing Asbestos must be significantly reduced especially in confined areas and at workplaces because of the great hazard to the respiratory organs and in particular the lungs. There is increasing speculation that the oral intake of Asbestos can cause tumours. Therefore, there is no justification for the further use of Asbestos cement in drinking water pipes. Numerous products containing substitute materials are now making it possible to dispense with the use of substances containing Asbestos.

Annex 8: Questionnaire on country profiles regarding Asbestos

Environmental Resources Management

Asbestos

Country Profiles

Mining of Asbestos,
Manufacturing, (Production)
Use and Remediation of ACM
(Asbestos Containing Materials)

Legislation
Research and Development
Substitutes and
Risk Evaluation

INTRODUCTION

Thank you very much for assisting in our approach of performing a world wide study concerning ASBESTOS. As an introduction we would like to give you some information regarding this questionnaire:

This questionnaire is divided into several chapters such as mining, manufacturing or production, use of and remediation of Asbestos containing products. We are also very interested in the way the legislation, research and the development and risk evaluation in terms of Asbestos is practiced in your country, and if there are substitutes used in place of Asbestos.

MINING:
stands for digging Asbestos fibres from natural deposits of Asbestos minerals in the earth.

Questionnaire about Asbestos mining

MANUFACTURING:
stands for processing the Asbestos fibres into a finished products like textiles, insulation materials, paper products, cement products, surface materials, roofing materials, varnishing products, tiles, friction products

Questionnaire about Asbestos processing

USE:
stands for the applying Asbestos containing materials (ACM).

Questionnaire about Asbestos use

REMEDIATION:
stands for removing or treating used Asbestos containing materials.

LEGISLATION:
stands for the existing laws concerning Asbestos made by a legislative body.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: stands for scientific investigation or inquiries concerning Asbestos.

RISK EVALUATION:
stands for judging the risk to human health posed by Asbestos.

SUBSTITUTES:
stands for the use of adequate materials which have the same qualities as Asbestos.

Questionnaire 1 about Asbestos substitutes

Questionnaire 2 about Asbestos substitutes

Questionnaire 3 about Asbestos substitutes

Questionnaire 4 about Asbestos substitutes

We hope you could understand all our questions and are able to complete the questionnaire. In case of problems, please contact us to ensure that there will be no information missing due to misunderstandings.

Thank you very much in advance for your support.

28 November 1992
ERM Umwelt Consult