(introduction...)

Newsletter for the International Network for Sustainable Energy

Acknowledgement

Sustainable Energy News

Published by: INforSE

P.O. Box 2059, DK- 1013 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Ph:+45-33121307, fax:-33121308 Email: inforse@nn.apc.org
International Network for Sustainable Energy is a worldwide NGO network formed at Global Forum in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, June 1992.

Advisory Board:

Stephen Karekezi, FWD, Kenya Masse Lo, ENDA, Senegal
R. Myles & T.K.Moulik, India Benjamin Gertes, Philippines
Emil Bedi, FAE - SZOPK, Slovakia Martin Prieto, REDES Uruguay
Emilio Rovere, IED, Brazil
Nancy Hirsh, EA/ECC, USA

Editorial Address:
Sustainable Energy News OVE, Skovvangsvej 191
DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
Ph: +45-86106466, fax: -86106188 E-mail: ove@nn.apc.org

Editors:

Gunnar B.Olesen, Judit Szoleczky, Niki Fowler (text advice), OVE-The Danish Organization for Renewable Energy
Rene Karottki, Forum for Energy and Development, Denmark
Lars Yde (technical editor), Folkecenter for Renewable Energy, P.O.Box 208, DK-7760 Hurup Thy, Ph: +45-97956600. Fax:-97956565 Layout: H.-H. B. Gustafsen, OVE

Deadline for next issue: 15.02.96 Next issue: March 1996
The newslelter is quarterly.

Contributions are welcomed. Feel free to use the information in the newslettcr, but state the source.
Annual subscription rate: DKK 100 (approx.US$ 20), transferred without expenses for receiver. The newsletter will be distributed free of charge to NGOs as long as possible.
Sustainable Energy News is spon. sered by: Forum for Energy and Development, Denmark.

Sustainable Energy News published INforSE
P.O. Box 2059 DK-1013
Dk-1013 Denmark
Ph. +45-33121307, fax:-33
121308
Email: INforSE@INforSE.dk
WWW: http://www.INforSE.dk/

International Network for Sus tainable Energy (INforSE) is a worldwide NGO network Global Forum in Rio de Janeiro Brazil zil, June 1992:.

NGO Views Concerns on the World Solar Summit

We are now just at the eve of the World Solar Summit (WSS) called by UNESCO in Harare, September 16-17 to start a 10- year World Solar Programme. As stated in the INforSE osi tion Paper on the WSS Process, we are confident that NGOs can work hand-in-hand with the WSS to ensure that the Solar Decade (1996-2005) will be a success.

In our opinion, such success must include fulfilling the requirements stated in lNforSE's sustainable-energy development strategy, launched in Rio in 1992, for more use of renewable energy worldwide and particularly in developing countries. This implies that technological, economic, social, ecological and cultural/political sustainability criteria will be met as well.

Several NGOs support the objectives of the WSS, but so far some key issues have not been adequately addressed.

The initial idea of the WSS Process was modelled on that of a United Nations Conference involving an International Solar Convention, a World Solar Charter, a World Solar Fund, and a World Solar Plan of Action. Experience has shown the limitations of this approach and the difficulties of making it work.

Due to the concerns expressed by some countries and NGOs, including InforSE. during the proc
cess of WSS preparation, the idea of a Harare Declaration on Solar Energy and Development emerged.

Similarly, a firm commitment to mobilize international financial resources to ensure implementation of a World Solar Programme seems more efficient than the creation of a new fund with the high management costs involved and the risk of merely draining the money from other initiatives to support renewables. The notion that the Solar Decade will address all sorces of renewable energy, not just solar, still remains to be conveyed clearly to the world.

Much work is needed to derive a good Plan of Action from the current list of projects presented by governmental representatives.

Politically, a main challenge in Harare will be to widen support for the WSS Process among key industrialized countries. So far, the World Solar Commission includes among its 15 members only 3 heads of state from OECD.

A similarly important challenge will be to make sure that the important role of NGOs is adequately addressed in the World Solar Plan and the Harare Declaration.

Emilio la Rovere, INforSE Latin America, Brazil
Rene Karottki, INforSE Secretariat, Denmark

INforSE Coordinator

Awarded UNEP
Global 500 Roll of Honour

The national INforSE coordinator for India, Lalita Balakrishnan, was awarded the UN Environmental Program's Global 500 Roll of Honour at the Habitat II Conference, June 1996. The Honour was given in recognition of her important contributions to sustainable development including her work on programmes promoting improved chulhas (woodstoves), biogas, solar cookers, and energy conservation in the rural energy department of the All India Women's Conference (AIWC).

Adult Education Activities

lNforSE will actively take part in the preparations of the 5th International Conference on Adult Education in 1997 as mentioned in Sustainable Energy News 13. Funds are now available from the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) for a number of key activities:

· participation of INforSE organizations from developing countries in the Preparatory Conferences;
· publication of innovative approaches to environment, development, and adult education;
· cooperation to strengthen the links between ervironmental activities and adult education, as well as to strengthen NGO partcipation in tl~se;
· INforSE participation in the Conferences thematic Working Group on Environmental and Adult Education.

At the first regional Preparatory Conference in Jomtien in Thailand on September 16-18, INforSE will be represented by Appropriate Technology Association (ATA), Thailand.

More information: INforSE Secetariat See page no. 2

Climate COP2 Disappointments

Geneva saw yet another gathering of government officials, ministers, and NGOs in mid-July - all ostensibly to give some meaning to the Framework Convention on Climate Change. But when they departed for home on July 19, the threat of global warming still remained unresolved.

This second meeting of the Conference of Parties (COP2) turned out to be a wet squib.

Not only had no negotiations started on the text proper of a protocol for developed countries, but even the IPCC second assessment report continued to be challenged. The much touted US ministerial statement was only strong in endorsing the IPCC findings, but remained fuzzy on legally binding targets and timetables. Japan shified incremertly from its total opposition to a protocol. OPEC nations remained a major obstacle to progress, even on the Rules of Procedure.

The only silver lining was the Ministerial Declaration, which stated that negotiations on a protocol text must begin this December and that the protocol should be ready for adoption by COP3 in December 97 in Kyoto.

Another hopeful sign was the positive intervention from the new businesses that are involved in alternative energy sources, including renewables This broke the apparent monolithic obstruction that the business group has put up to actual action on GHG emission reductions.

The impending World Solar Summit failed to influence positively the COP2 outcome, despite the arguably auspicious fact that the Conference Chairman was Zimbabwe's Minister of Environment.

More information:
Gurmit Singh K S., Center for Environment, Technology & Development, member if INforSE
CETDEM, PO Box 382, 46740 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.
Ph: +603-77-57767, fax: 603-77-54039, email: cetdem@po.jaring.my

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By S. Karelezi and E. Ewagata, FWD, INforSE Eastern Afi.ica Coordinator

Biomass is the most important source of energy in Kenya, accounting for 70% of the total energy supply inthe county. Since 80% of Kenya's population lives in the rural areas, and their main source of energy is fuel wood there is a need to ensure sustainable supply of the resource.

This article focuses on comparing two biomass applications: one small-, one large-scak: the Maendeko improved cookstove and the power alcohol programme respectively.

Maendeleo Stove

The Maondeleo stove is an improved stove that is designed to replace the three-stone hearth commonly used in the rural areas. The Maendeleo stove has an improved combustion efficiency of 30% and fuelwood savings of about 50%. An estimated 3-20 hours a week can be saved in collection of firewood per household. In addition, it emits less than half of the polluants produced by the three-stone hearth

Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) and Intermediate Technology Development Group (IT) were involved in the development launching and commercialization of the Maendeleo stove in over 41 districts in Kenya The program was carried out by existing networks of governmerdal extension workers (e.g., agricultural). This eliminated the logistics and expenses of establishing new channels. As a result of these efforts, awareness of the Maendeleo stove was significantly raised. To date, about 250,000 Maondeleo stoves have been disseminated countrywide.

Issues of financing played a significant role in stove dissemination. Support from the two agencies, GTZ and IT, financed research and technical development of the stoves as well as transport, training, and marketing. The study, however, found that direct subsidies on the cost of the stove were detrimental to the sustainability of the stove programme. A commercial approach makes stove production lucrative to small-scale "entrepreneurs-as production costs and a profit marginare factored in to the price of the stove.

Other concerns that have affected the dissemination of the Maondeleo stove are capacity building, the environment, and equity. Over 5000 women have benefited from training offered by the two prograrumes in stove production business skills, and financial management. Hundreds of artisans have also been trained in stove production. With rising environmental awareness, especially of the impact of air pollution and localized fuelwood scarcity, adoption of the Maendeleo stove is increasing.

Figure

Alcohol Program

The main objective of the Alcohol Program started in 1977 in Kenya was to reduce oil imports by developing alternative fuel from molasses produced by the sugar industry in Western Kenya Of three projects planned, only OK took off, a project which was undertaken by the Agro-Chemical and Food Company (ACFC).

The ACFC produced unloaders ethanol (power alcohol), which was primarily sold in the Nairobi area at a 10:90 blend with gasoline as gasohol The gasohol was marketed and sold by oil companies.

However, power alcohol procurement by oil companies consisterdly fluctuated either due to blender breakdowns or shortages due to sugarcane crop failure.

A 1987 request for a price hike of power alcohol by the ACFC was granted in 1992 by a Ministerial directive. Oil companies, however, continued paying the old price, which was far below the operation costs at the ACFC. Consequently, the ACFC found other markets for its alcohol.

The study findings reveal that institutional and finance issues were the main factors influencing the power alcohol programme. There were no clear policies with respect to blending, sales, and pricing. On the management and efficiency, there was no significant effort made to effectively market and distribute the gasohol. Since blending was not centralised blenders had to be installed at each oil depot at the expense of the ACFC, increasing its oerhead costs.

Decentralised I Centralised

Comparing the two projects, our findings show that small-scale decentralized biomass programmes tend to be more successful and effective in addressing Kenya's energy problems than large-scale projects. The summary of the comparism is in the Table:

Maendeleo stove. 250, 000 have been disseminated
A: Insulating layer of mud/sand/fireash minimising smoke and preventing acci dental burning
B:Tongue supporting firewood Jo enhance airflow under or between the sticks
C:Ton level surface for the cook pots (Source: GTZ Sept 1992? 1992)

Maendeleo stoves programme Power alcohol programme
Largely small-scale . Large scale
Decentralised . Centralized
Locally available technology . Largely imported technology
Low investment costs . Large investment costs
Less bureaucratic . Complex decision-making
Direct benefits to users . Indirect benefits to users
Employs over 10,000 leople . Employs about 1,500 people
Benefits mainly rural population . Benefits fewer rural people
Trained over 5,000 people . Limited training
Women empowered . Limited gender concerns
Largely addresses national . Addresses largely global environmental concernsenvironmental concerns

The key recommendations:

· Decentralized small-scale biomass projects should be given priority in the short and medium terms.

· Institutional support and multisectoral involvement are important to the success of any programme.

· Clear policies and guidelines need to be outlined from the start.

· Program should strive to identify and use existing fieldwork personnel and facilities to disseminate technology. This reduces costs and simplifies the logistics of establishing a new dissemination network.

· There is a need to establish quality control measures. Close collaboration with universities, research in
stitutions, NGOs, and consultancies will provide useful guidelines for standards.

· Subsidizing is needed only to the technical support such as feasibility studies, training, quality control, and marketing.
· Lastly, there is a need to establish an environmental policy in support of programmes that have minimum environmental impacts.

Shortened by the editors. The article is based on 2 cases studies included in a report by FWD/AFREPREN/SEI.

More information: FWD, Kenya,
INforSE Eastern Africa Coordinator.

South African Development Community (SADC)

Regional Seminar on Rural Energy Planning & Environmental Management

The Eastern and Southern African Management Institute (ESAMI) hosted the subject seminar, on behalf of SADC in Mbabane, Swaziland on 20-22 May, 1996.

Participants included Principal Permanent Secretaries and Commissioners in ministries of planning, rural development, energy, environment, agriculture, and forestry, as well as chief executives of energy utilities.

Key outputs of the Seminar included:

· Development of an appropriate policy framework for sustainable energy supply and demand;

· Identification of key environmental impacts of energy systems within the SADC region;

· Preparation of relevant energy policy instruments and institutions.

More information: Dr. Yen Mvano, Project Coordinator, ESAMI, P.O. Box 3030, Arusha, Tanzania. Ph:+257-8384/8; Fax:+257-8285.

Solar Energy for the Kigogo Home for Children in Dar es Salaam

By Sylveser Hanga, The Solar Network of Tanzania

Donors are usually not very keen on covering running costs such as water and electricity bills for any small projects in any country. The people caring for the street children in Dar es Salaam have found it difficult to get any donor funds for running costs to a home at Kigogo for homeless children who are trying to attend school regularly. So it was decided to cut down on the utility costs by installing solar PV, a solar hot water system, solar cookers, and a rain water collecting system. The Solar Network (a local NGO) and Ultimate Energy (a local business), helped by DANIDA financing, worked with the staff and the children to make the instalment possible and to run it. The system functions as a demonstration system, but it also provides the children with hands-on training in running and maintaining solar systems. Many of the children are already keen on "Umeme ya mionzi" (solar electricity). They train their peers in using the system. Switching off the light or closing the tap requires an awareness of the importance of saving energy or water in every day life. The PV system teaches this the hard way as well; if you run the batteries down, you have no electricity. To build up experiences in new fields takes time, and the children do not give up easily. They have seen the potential of harnessing the sunlight a raw material abudantly available in Tanzania.

More Information:

The Solar Network of Tanzania, PO Box 77279, Dar es Salaam Tanzania.

Rural Electrification in the Solomon Islands

By Robert Wadell, Appropriate Technology Community & Environment (APACE), Australia
There are several reasons why logging is continuing on a large scale:

· the logging companies' commercial desire to exploit the last remaining stands of old growth rain- forest timber

· the desire of governments to earn foreign exchange in the shortest time possible; and

· the villagers' need for income.

For the villagers to resist this process, there has to be a way of preserving their rair-forest while at the same time satisfying their cash needs. One such way has arisen out of a joint operation between the villagers of Solomon Islands and APACE, a Sydney-based voluntary NGO devoted to the promotion design, and application of appropriate technology.

Small Hydro Power Plants
Everybody is Involved

Over a period of 15 years, at the invitation of the villagers, APAO has been involved in the design and implementation of small systems to generate hydroelectricity in several villages in the Solomon Islands. In these villages, initially in the Western province the people marshalled all of their resources and worked cooperatively to create all the necessary infrastructures The commissioning of the first system was the culmination of years of preparation and consultation with the villagers. It was preceded and followed by courses of training in the operation, maintenance, and repair of the system. This has been the pattern of all subsequent installations.

In line with APACE's general philosophy, the bringing of electricity to the village was not seen as an end in itself but rather as a means of enhancing the independence and self-reliance of the community as a whole.

Everyone in the village - men, women, and children - was involved in the process. Everyone received a benefit and therefore had a stake in ensuring a successful outcome.

Benefits

The villagers now supplied with electrical power can enjoy a member of benefits:

· They can run small cash-earning businesses such as bread-maling, furniture making and copra-drying

· They can also have refrigeration facilities for the storage of fish, vegetables, and pharmaceuticals.

· They are enabled to keep their rain- forest intact and to avoid all of the problems that the loss of the rain-forest had caused for other villages.

Women Involved

A prominent feature of APACE's operations has been the involvement of women in the new technology. So of often in the past, when new technologies have been introduced into villages, only the men were involved and instructed in their operation. Women were not asked how they would like the technology to be used for their benefit.

The women involved in the installation of a system in the first village were keen to pass on their knowledge and experience to other women who were anxious to have similar technology in their own villages. This resulted to a national series of women workshops.

Trust of the Government in New Community-Based Hydro-Electrification

In February, 1995, a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was signed by the Solomon Islands government and APACE. The Government showed freat trust in the ability of the villagers and APACE to do something which everywhere else has been the prerogative of a centralised authority. In this case, the decentralised generation of electricity has been sanctioned by the Solomon Islands Electricity Authority, which will ensure that safety regulations are being observed

ln addition, a working group called Solomon group Community Electrification Committee (SICEC) was set up to draft a National Rural Electrification Policy and to design an appropriate orgardsabon to implement a community- hydro-electrification program

When SICEC is fully implemented, it will make a quantifiable contribution to the national economy, and to the environmentes well as to national self-sufficiency and self-reliance.

More information: APACE c/o University of Technology, P.O. Box 123,
way NSW 2007, Australia
Ph/fax: +61-2-3302554/- 3302611.

INforSE Organisations' Initiative for a Resource Center in India

Land Donated by Villagers Seeking for Funds

Regional INforSE Meeting
By Raymond Myles, 1NSEDA, Central Asia INforSE Coordinator, India

In the village of Nagla Khan, India, villagers donated 2.5 acres of land to WAFD, Women's Action For Development, to establish a Renewable Energy Resource Center (RE-REC) to meet the needs of the Bharatpur Distinct of the desertic State of Rajastan

The initiative is based on the feedback of WAFD's experience in renewable energy programs, specifically in the promotion & implementation of low - cost biogas rural household plants in several of the villages of the Bharatpur District. (See in the box)

WAFD, member of INforSE, and INSEDA, the regional coordinator of INforSE, decided to cooperate- to establish the district-level center.

Among others, this was discussed in the Central Asia Regional INforSE

Meeting on May 29-31, 1996, Lucknow, India

The center gradually would train, research, demonstrate, and perform maintenance, as well as develop training and promotional materials.

INSEDA is lobbying to get funds for the district level center which later on could be upgraded state or zonal level center for community based and non governmental organisations.

More information: INSEDA, INforSE coordinator. See address on the back page

Why is the WAFD Biogas Program successful in the Bharatpur District where almost 100% of plants had failed before?

- One reason is the better construction techniques, comparing to the previously goverament-implemented plants in the area

- The WAFD mason also gives more proper instructions about the basics of the technology from the proper feeding and maintenance to the efficient way of cooking.

- Another reason is that WAFD focuses more on people WAFD treats biogas implemention as a development program for empowering rural people, especially women; therefore, lots of its efforts go towards awareness, education and technical literacy The WAFD biogas master masons remain in the villages with the plant owners during the entire period of plant construction and almost become part of their families. The mason acts as a barefoot socio - technical expert and a development agent. This is why, even though the process is slow in the beginning, it surely gains success. (shortened by the editors)

WAFD Biogas Plants

WAFD Women's Action For Development, established in 1978, has an aim comonly development focusing on women &children of weaker of the society. Biogas plan¢s are one of WAFD's focuses since 1980.

· Janata Model - (meaning "people")

In 1980, WAFD built the first Janata model in a semi-urban village of Delhi State. The Janata model is a fixed dome model built from bricks replacing the steel model used before.

· Deen Bandhu Model - (meaning "friend of the poor")

Since December of 1994, WAFD has built 175 well functioning Deen Bandhu models in the Bharatpur District This model is a low-cost rural household popular biogas plant that has been used in the country since 1986. It gets subsidy for construnction from the National Project on Biogas Development, MNES, Govt, India. (See photo on this page)

· Shramik Bandhu Model - ("meaning friends of the labourer.")

Lately, WAFD started the construction of a recently designed and tested low-cost biogas model made of biomass-relnforced cement mortar 45% of its construction cost goes towards the wages of poor rural people. The bricks are replaced with locally available biomass, e.g. bamboo pruned branches of mulberry and date palm which are also used by poor Cal people especially women, for making baskets (See photo on the front page) Organic Farming Using Biogas Technology

Recently, WAFD launched a promotion of low-cost organic-systems that use biogas techology. The villages are encouraged to actively parcipate in the process through, role playing, songs, and street plays.

Spread of Interest in Renewables in Brazil

Report from the 3rd Meeting for Renewable Energy in June, 1996
By Emilio La Rovere, Brazil, INforSE Latin America Coordinator

For the 3rd consecutive year, hundreds of participants from government agencies, universities, NGOs, research centres, equipment manufacturers, and utilities, all involved with renewable energy development, met during the 3rd Meeting for Development of Renewable Energy in Brazil held in Sao Paulo, from 25 to29 June, 1996.

These Brazilian meetings with key invited experts from abroad are being promoted by the Permanent Forum of Renewable Energy - Solar, Wind and Biomass, constituted by both governmental and non-goverumental organizations. Its main support and sponsorship comes from Brazilian Ministries (Mines and Energy, Science and Technology, Foreign Affairs), governmental bodies, utilities, the Reference Centre on Solar and Wind Energy (CRESESB) hosted by the Electric Power Research Centre (CEPEL), industry manufacturers of renewable energy equipment), and the universities from Rio de Janeiro (COPPE/UFRJ) and Sao Paulo (USP, UNICAMP).

Small Hydro Included in the National Plan

The main outcome of this event was the presentation of the National Plan of Action for the Development of Renewable Energy. Besides solar, wind, and biomass energy, the scope of the Plan was enlarged this year to include small hydropower (defined as plants of up to 10 MW capacity). A target in this field was set of reaching an overall installed capacity of 2500 MW within the next 10 years.

Creation of a Reference
Centre on Biomass
Energy in Sao Paulo

Another important announcement was the creation of a Reference Centre on Biomass Energy in Sao Paulo with support from federal and state governmental institutions.

Two 30 MW Wind Power

Plants Got Funding

Growing interest is also shown in wind energy, particularly in the North- eastern region, where the potential for installing aerogenerators is larger.

For exasnple, COELCE, the util- in the state of Cearà, conducted the feasibility study and obtained international funding to install two 30 MW plants scheduled to start operating in 1999 and 2001.

PV Gaining Leading Role in the Rural Electrification

While the ethanol progamme is facing tremendous difficulties, renewables are gaining momentum again in research, development, and demonstration.

Rural electrification projects based on photovoltaics play a leading role. For instance, CEMIG, the utility in the state of Minas Gerais, plans to install 700 small systems (1 or 2 panels) this year and has a target of 4,000 projects by the end of 1998

Spread of Interest
Intemational Seminars

Two other international seminars on Solar and Wind Energy were held on August 5-9 1996 in Salvador (state of Bahia) and August 12-16, 1996 Florianopolis (state of Santa Catarina), well illustrating the spread of interest in these fields all over the country.

More information:

Emilio la Rovere, INforSE Latin America Coordinator, Brazil. IED - Instituto de Ecologia e Desenvolvimento, rua da Assemblera 10, sala 816 Rio de Janeiro, CEP 20119-900, Brazil.

Ph/fax: +55-21-531-2948 at Univ. Ph/fax:+55-21-2709995/-29066 26 Email: emilio@ppe.ufrj.br

Sustainable Energy Contacts - Worldwide

This is the INforSE worldwide list of NGOs and institutions working with renewable energy, energy efficiency, energy savings and sustainable energy development. The European pant of the list was published together with Sustainable Energy News 12, March 1996.

Abbreviations used in the list: act. - activities, ass. - association, busin. - business, dep. - department, dev. - development, env. environment(al), GO - governmental organization, int. - international, MO - member of, cMO - core members of, nat - national, NGO - non governmental organization, NPP - Nuclear Power Plant, org. - organization, prof - professional, RE - Renewable Energy, R&D - Research & Development, soc. - society, univ. - university.

The list is updated continously and will be published once a year. Please check if the information about your group is correct, and if there are any mistakes, please inform the editors of Sustainable Energy News If you know about any groups, which shall be included in the list, the editors would also appreciate having this information.

Gunnar Boye Olesen, INforSE, September 1996.

East Asia &Pacific
Australia

Alternative Technology Association

Nat. NGO. Promote RE, enviromental people- friendly alternatives Pub lishes "Soft Technology" magazine. Operates the 'Energymobile' display. 247 Flinders Lane, Melbourne, Victoria 3000

Att. Lance Turner
Ph: +61-3-9650-7X83
Fax:+61-3-9650-8574
E-mail: elaire@suburbia.apana.org.au

Australian Conservation Foundation ACF

Nat. NGO. Campaigns on conservation issues like global warming, RE, energy efficiency Bi-monthly periodical: Habitat.

ACF Library, 340 Gore St,
Fitzroy

Victoria 3065
Att. Sandra Cavanagh
Ph: +61-3-9416-1166 or 1-800332510
Fax: +61-3-9416-0767
E-mail: acflib@peg.apc.org

Banaba/Ocean Island News http://www.ion.eom.au/~banaban /. Plan a project on solar powered radio system.

Bnanaban Heritage Society Inc., PO Box 536, Mudgeoraba Q 4213

Att. Stacey M. King Ph: +61-755-305298 Fax: +61-755-305298 E-mail: banaban@ion.com.au

Centre for Photovoltaic Devices and Systems

An academic research center investigating photovoltaic devices, grid-connocted as well as stand-alone.

University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052

Att. Hugh Outhred, M. Guelden Ph: +61-2-3855457/2142721

Fax: +61-2-6624240
E-mail: m.guelden@unsw.edu.au

Friends of the Earth - Australia FOE
Local. Nat NGO. Campaigns on issues like uranium mining, transport, global warming.
15/104 Bathurst St, Sydney 2000
Att. Stuart White
Ph: +61-2-283-2004
Fax: +61-2-283-2005/66-22
0433(S.White)
E-mail: foesydney@peg.apc.org

Global Eco-village Network Oceania,Asia, Crystal Waters GEN http://www.gaia.org MS 16, 59, Crystal Water Permaculture Village, Qld 4552 Att. Max O. Lindegger Ph: +61-74-944741 Fax: +61-74-944578 E-mail: ecosol@peg.apc.org

Greenhouse Action Australia NGO. Info. Education, promote awereness and action to slow global warming 45 Wentworth St, Randwick, NSW 2031 Att. Fiona Mathews Ph: +61-2-398-1003 Fax. +61-2-398-1130

International Centre for Application of Solar Energy CASE Members are companies &the Government. Center of UNIDO promoting solar energy in developing countries. Established in 1994. Publish: Int Solar Energy News. Level 3, 81 St George'sTerrace, Perth WA 6000 Att. Gordon A. Thompson Ph: +61-9-321-7600 Fax +61-9-321-7497 E-mail: case@wantree.com.au

International Development Technologies Center, Faculty of Engineering Post Grad Cources in Technology for Developing Countries in Env. Enjoining. The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052 Att. Don Stewart Ph: +61-03-9344-7839 Fax: +61-03-9344-6868

ISES - Australia & New Zealand ANZSES Nat. NGO. Research association that promotes solar and other renewables. P.O. Box 124, Caulfield East, Victoria 3145

Att. David Mills.
Secretary
Ph: +61-3-9570-7900
Fax +61-3-9563-6860

New South Wales Department of Energy Strategic Policy Division, 29-57 Christie Street, St Leonards, NSW 2065 An. Chris Baker Ph: +61-2-901-8852 Fax +61-2-901-8646 E-mail: 100351.2674@compuserve.eom

Office of Energy, Energy
Conservation Unit, Gov. of
Western Australia
GO. Magazine: Energy Matters, biannually.
5th floor SGIO Atrium, 170 St
Georges Terrace, Perth WA
6000
Att. Joseph Wyder
Ph: +61-9-3211477
Fax: +61-9-3211474

Solar Energy Industries Association of Australia SEIAA Solar-energy industry assoc. approx 200 members nationally. Bi-monthly Newsletter. 1st floor, 505 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004 Att. Ray Prowse Ph: +61-3-9866-89M Fax +61-3-9866-8922 E-mail: solar@world.net

Sustainable Energy Industry Council of Australia SEICA Nat. Umbrella organisation of RE, energy-efficieney industries. Federal lobbying on energy policy &pro8rams. Aim to increase business and jobs in sustainable energy. P.O. Box411, Dickson, ACT 2602 Att. Carrie Sonneborn Ph: +61-6-241-9260 Fax. +61-6-241-9266 E-mail: lcs24@uow.edu.au

The Third Opinion NGO. Publish "The Third Opinion" quarterly. PO box K133, Haymariet 2000 AK Steve Broadbent/ Claire Gerson Ph: +61-02-283-2003 Fax. +61-02-283-2005 E-mail: fossydney@Peg.apc.org
China

INforSE contact person in China. Works with biogas and integrated farming systems, based on experiences from Southern China c/o Chan Sew Sen, PO Box 98442, Hong Kong AK George L. Chan Fax: +86-20-776 5006 e/o prof. Zhong Gongfu

Alternative Development
Asia W.5F, 3 Wood Road, Wanchai, Hong Kong
AK Sylvia Gilkes
Ph: +86-852-2574-9133
Fax: +86-852-2574-1997
E-mail: altdev@hk.super.net

Asia Pacific Regional Biogas
Research and Training Centre
BRTC
4 Duan Renming South Street,
Chengdu Siehnan 610041
AK Zhao Yizhang
Ph: +86-28-5553950
Fax: +86-28-5553756
E-mail: obrtc@skell.sesti.ac.cn

Beijing Solar Energy Research Institute China Solar Energy Society. No. 3 Hua Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083 Att. Jinag Xinian, Meng Xiangan Ph: +86-12018887/-2017009 Fax: +86-10-2012880

China National Photovoltaic
Technology Development Center GO research
Wen Er Rd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang
310012
Att. Tang Jun, Zhou Xing Fa
Ph: +86-0571-8840763
Fax: +86-0571-8823621

Committee for Integrated Survey of Natural Resources CISNAR INforSE contact in China. I l Nauzhanguan Nanli, Beijing 100026 AK Qi Wenhu Ph: +86-1-491 7814 Fax: +86-1491 4230
Sustainable Energy Contacts - Worldwide

Committee for Integrated Survey of Natural Resources CISNAR
Street address: I I, Nanzhanguan Nanli, 10026 Beijing Associate member of INforSE.
Chinese Academy of Sciences PO Box 9717 Beijing 100101
Att. Shen Cbang-Jiang, Prof Ph: +86-1-4917814
Fax +86-1-4914230

Hangzhou International Center on Small Hydro Power HIC
Office of the International Network on Small Hydro Power (IN-SHP) es tablished in 1984. Newsletter. Medium Small Hydro Power &Equipment.
PO Box 607, 4 Baisha Road, 4 Baisha Road, Hangzhou 310006
Ph: +86-S71-70S5489t-70S5491A 7053105
Fax +86-571-7055492

Hangzhou Regional Center for Small Hydropower HRC
Int. NGO. Sponsored by UNDP/UNIDO & the Chinese Government. Established in 1981. Training R&D, info, consutitution globally esp. among developing countries. Publish Newsletter.
20 Jisagong San Road, Hangzhou 310012
Att. Li Ji &Ding Hui Shen
Pb: +86-571-8086586t8074424 Fax +84571-8062934
Tianjin Geothermal Research and Training Center, Tianjin University
Weijin Road 92, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072
An. Meng Xianji, Si Sbi Vong Pb: +86-22-3358803
Fax +86-22-33S8329
Fiji
Forum Secretarbte, Renewable

The mandate of the Forum covers 13 countries in the South & Central Pacific like Cook Islands Fed. States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands Nauru, Niue, Papua New Guinea Solomon

Energy Division, G.P.O. Box 856, Suva

Att. Nick Wardrop
Ph: +67-312600t-303106
Fax +679-303828t-302203

E-mail: nicil@lforumaec.np.

Indonesia
ASEAN Sub Committee on Non-Conventional Energy Research SCNCER
Nat Int GO. RhD, studies in nonconv. energy, member of ASEAN counties publishes a newsletter from Bankok c/o R&D Centre for Applied Physics EIPI, Japan Cisitu/Sangkuriang, Rompieb LIPI Bandung 40135
Att. Suwart Martoeudirio Dr. Ps: +62-22-250 3052
Fax +62-22-2503050

Kelompok Studi Ekologi
JL. Jeadral Ahmad Yani, Gang
Pdita 4,Pekanbuu 28127
Att. Hendra Yursan Siry
Ph +62-0761-22721
WALHI, Wahana Lingkungan
Hidup Indonesia FOE
NGO.
Jalan Mampang, Prapatan XV/41,
Jakarta 12790
Att Zulkamaen, Amung
Ph: +62-21-7941672
Fax +62-21-7941673.
E-mail: walbi@igc.apc.org

Yayasan Gernl NastiU GENI NGO. Socio-political aiternatives. Bimonthiy bulletin ASAP in Indonosian. NGO library witn 25,000 bools. MO: CANSEA. PO Box 166, Jalan Cemara 11 No 25., Salatiga 50711 Att Bimo Mrl Ery Sutrismo Mr. Pb: +62-298-22418 Fax: +62-298-24050 E-mail: genif@algeni.nusa.or.id

Japan

Launching International Solar and
Earth Day.
3014 2FC Shoan, Suginami-ku,
Tokyo-167
Att. S.M. Mizanur Rahman

Citizens' Nuclear Information
Center
NGO. Anti-nuclear.
1-59-14-302, Higashi-Nakano,
Nahno, Tokyo 164
An Obayssi Mita, Me
Ph: +81-3-5330 9520
Fax: +81-3-5330 9530
Decentralized Enargy Research
Group
More member of INforSE.
2-9-4, Asano Bldg 401, Toshima-icu
Ritacotsula, Tokyo 170
Att. Du Natakima, Gen. Secr.
Ph: +81-3-35764061
Fax: +81-3-35767298
E-mail: dai@pa.aix orjp

Friends of tho Earth - Japan FOE NGO. 4-8-15 Nakameguro, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153 Att. Aya Saitob Ms Pb: +81-3-3760-88S3 Fax: +81-3-3760-6959 E-mail: foejapan@igc.apc.org

Japan Center for a Sustainable Environment and Soviety JACSES 2F Dai-32 Kowa Bldg., 5-2-32 Minuni Azabu, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106 Att. Jiro Adachi, Mr Ph: +81-3-3447-9515 Fax: +81-3-3447-9383

Japan Scientists Association JSA
Chasu Bldg. 9F, 1-9-16 Yushima,
Buakyo-ku, Tokyo 113
Att. Eiishi Nishikawa
Ph: +81-3-3812 1472
Fax: +81-3-3813-2363

E-mail: e-nskv@cc.kshason.ac.jp

Peoples' Forum 2001 NGO. Established to follow up the agenda at at the Gbbal Forum. 1-20-6 Maruko Bldg SR, Higa&luUeao, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110 Ad. Setsuko Sumino Ph: +81-3-38342436 Fax: +81-3-38342406

Research Cental for Advanced Science & Technology, The University of Tokyo Nat. Research on urban systems for sustainable society, energy, water, waste system Division of Urban Enviromental Systen, Romaba 401, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153 Ad. Tetsonaci lids, Mr Ph: +81-3-3481-4445 Fax: +81-3-3481-4582 E-mail: t-iidal@bnn-net.or.jp

Society tor Natural Light, Part from Nuclear Power NGO. Facuity of Science Hiroshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kageshima Ad. TaLoo Hashizume Pb +81-992 85-8077 Fax: +81-992-85-8029

Climate Actions Network South
East Asia CANSEA
NGO. Publishes "SEANews". MO:
CAN.
PO Box 382, PO Box 382, 46740064
Petaling JsysAtt Gurmit Singb
Ph: +60-3-7757767
Fax: +60-3-7757767 mail: epsn@peg.apc.org or
Malaysian Nature Society
NGO. MO: CANSEA.
34 Jsisn Bukitldaman Ul,68100 Batu
Caves, Selulgor
Att. G´uy Lim; Lco Su Win
Ph: +60-3-616-5259
Fax: +60-3-616-5258
E-mail: mn@nabac.po.my

Mongolia ABE Co Ud Stand-alone PV dt vend/PV hybrid systems, Single ~ Semi cry~allinc aoler cdle, RJ~D, moborological mca~ urement, production tochnology. PO Box 591, Ulsanbu~-13 Att. T. Galbenbr Pb: +976-1-321336 F - c +976-1-325794 E-mail: galbat~magicnct.mn

Adventid Dc. - iopnent and Rclhf Allancy ADR´V Mon Nat. NGO. PV, passive solar, auperir~dion, staw belc houso. PO. Box 1038, Ulaan Baatar 210613 Alt. scon Cbristiansen Ph: +976-1-323086 Fa~c +976-1-323086 E-mail: uiramon~lmagicact.mn

Hong Kolng Academy of Sciences
Sukbb~ubr Sq. 3, Ulaanbeatar
An. Chandraa Basbryn
Ph: +976-1-327827
Fax +976-1-321638

Sustainable Energy Contacts - Worldwide

Philippines
AGTALON
NGO. Associate member of INforSE.
Nalsian, Manaoag, 2430, Pangasinan
Att. Joy S. Santos
Ph: +63-75-5290-239/ 75-5290-473
Fax: +63-75-5290-239

Balayan NGO. Community Extention and Volunteer Formation in environment. Campu s Conscientization Program , University of St La Saile, Bacolod City 6100 An. Wovi Wong Villanueva

Department of Energy GO.
Non-Conventional Energy Division,
Marritt Road, Fort Bonifacio, Makati,
Metro Manila
Att. Rodolfo C. Bareto
Ph: +6}8188614
Fax: +63-851021,ext.245
E-mail: ncedoe@doe.gov.ph
Icarias@doe.gov.ph
Earthsavers Movement
NGO. Associate member of INforSE.
PH 28 Yulo Plaza, Don Bosco cor.,
Pasong Tamo, Makati, Metro Manila
1200
Att. Roger C. Berosel
Ph: +63-8152689/8193494
Fax: +63-407634

Education for Life Foundation Nat. NGO. Folk school for grassroot leaders focusing on community empowerment. 110 Small Horseshoe drive, Horseshoe village, Quezon City Att. Edicio G. Deza Torre

Foundation for Sustainable Development
24 K-J Street, Kamias, Quezon City,
M.M.
An. Amando C. Dayrit
Ph: +63-2-9226397
Fax: +63-2-9226397

Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources Core member of INforSE. 340 Villamor St, San Juan, Metro Manila 1500 Att. Cristina Juan Ph: +63-2-784179 Fax: +63-2-706611 E-mail: haribon@phil.gn.apc.org

Legal Rights and Natural Resources; Center, Inc., Kasama sa Kalikasan FOE Friends of the Earth - Philippines. NGO. MO: CAN. 3rd Floor, Puno Building #47 Kalayaan Avenue, Quezon City 1101 Att. Maria Athena D. Ronquillo Ph: +63-922-32-13 Fax: +63-2-95-21-97 E-mail: Irc@phil.gn.apc.org

Lingkod Tao-Kalikasan, Sekretariat for an Ecologically Sound Philippines Newsletter in English.

PO Box 2734, Manila 1099
An. Aida Velasquez
Ph: +63-2-59-11-85
Fax +63-2-521-72-25

National Working Committee on improved Cookstoves In the Philippines Core member of INforSE. c/o Approtech Asia, PSDC Bldg. Corner Real & Magailanes Sts., Intramuros, Manila Att. Feri G. Lumampao, Miss Ph: +63-2-530 0786 Fax +63-2-5300786 Telex: +233/3 NPCA PH Box 2089 E-mail: aptechmni@phil.gn.apc.org

Pangasinan State University
Urdaneta' Pangasinan
Att Pedro S. de Leon
Ph: +63-75-568-2040
Fax +63-75-568-2556

Philippine Center for Appropriate Technology & Training PCATT Regional INforSE coordinator. Core member of INforSE. 224 Diego Silang Str., 4200 Batangas City AN. Benjamin Gertes Ph: +63-43-723-1155 Fax +63-43-723-0340 E-mail: inforse@phil.gn.apc.org

Philippine Network on Climate Change c/o Green Forum-Philippines, 14 Mabait str, Teachers' Village, Quezon City 1101 An. Sharon Esposo/ J. Bulanhagui Ph: +63-2-922-4347 Fax +63-2-922-4397 E-mail: gforum@phil.gn.apc.org

Renewable Energy Association of the Philippines REAP NGO. Associate member of INforSE. c/o BASE Corporation, 700 Lema St, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila Att. Rodolfo C. Bareto Pn: +63-851021,ext.245 Fax: +63-818 8614

Rural Enterprice Development Foundation Inc.
NGO. Transfer env. friendly techn. at the grassroots level.
9480 Lopez Avenue, Los Banos,
Laguna 4030
An. Jose S. Nicolas
Ph: +63-53-0205
Fax +63-094-50016 c/o Didith PAR
FII

Technology and Livelihood Center
Sen. Gil J. Puyat Ave. Ext., Makati,
Metro Manila
An. Jaw M. Antonio, Ms
Ph: +63-859811 to 16
South Korea

Baedal Eco-Society, KISS oilice, Korean Institute for a Sustainable Society NGO. Core member of INforSE. Jung-ku, Jungchon-dong, 102-2, Taejon City, 301-080

AN. Helen Beichel, Ms
Ph: +82-42-253-3241
Fax +82 42-253-3244

Green Korea
NGO. 15 local office, publish quarterly reports
Mapchong-Dong, Mapo-ku. Seoul
385-108
Att.. Lee Tae Hwa & Park In Yong
Ph: +82-2-325-5525
Fax +82-2-325-5677
E-mail: environ@chollian.dacom.co.kr

Korea Solar Energy Society
KSES
KIER Korea Institute of Energy
Research, PO Box 5, Daeduck Science
Town, Daejkon
An. Sanghoon Lim, Dr
Ph: +82-42-8208700
Fax. +82-2-8616224

Korean Inditute for Sustainable Society Monthly magazine Core member of INforSE. 48-23 Dong-gu, Taejan 300-092 An. Sangmin Nam Ph: +82-42-6311252.3 Fax +82-42-6312813

Taiwan

Environment Taiwan Newsletter, Energy &Resources Laboratories, ITRi Industrial Technology Research Institute Bldg 64, 195, Section 4, Chung Hsing Rd, Chutung 310, Hsinchu An. Jhy-ming Lu, Dr Ph: +886-35-915491/915493 Fax +886-35-820376

Global Change Center, National
Talwan University
Earth Science Bld." Sec 4. Roosevelt
Rd, Taipei, R.O.C. 10764
An. I-ting Wu, Miss.
Ph: +886-2-3655671
Fax. +886-2-3639154

Thailand
Approprlate Technology Association
Associate member of INforSE.
143/171-2 Pinkiw - NaLornchaieri,
Bang-Plad, Bangkok 10700
An. Chanchai Limpiyakorn
Ph: +66 2-434 3252
Fax +66 2-434 3253

Greenfield International Local. Involved with RE tochnology issues in relation to smail-scale indus1riai applications. PO Box 167, San PaKoi P.O., Chiangmai 50000 An. Auke Koopmans Ph: +66-53-338242 Fax +66 53-276091

Regional Energy Resources Information Centre RERIC
NGO. Provide info services, training on info mgmt, consultancy. Solar, biomas , wind, smail hydropower. Publishes quarterly:RERIC News, semi anually: Int Energy Journal, annually: abstract

Asian Institute of Technology (AIT PO Box 2754, Bangkok 10501

AtL On-Anong Suraniramit, Mrs. Ph: +66-2-524 5866

Fax: +66-2-524 5870
Tdex +84276 AIT TH
E-mail: enreric@rcesun.aitc.th

Regional Wood Energy

Development Programme Int. c/o FAO Regional Of fice Asia Pacific, Maliwas Mansion, Pbra Atit Road, Bangkok 10200 An W. Huischer, Dr. Ph +66-2-2802760/-2817844 ext.114 Fax: +66-2-2800445
E-mail: rwedp@ksc.net.th

Technikal Information Services on Non Conventional Energy

Resources
Publishes SCNCER Newsletters.

RMITT, PO Box 51, Ratburana Bangkok 10140

Att The editor, SCNCER Newsletter Ph: +66-2-427 5208

Fax: +66-2-247 8077

Vietnam

Support Prograrn for Sustainable Energy Davelopment VSED Nat. NGO. Network with voluntary org. &individuals. RE, energy efficiency. Ministry of Science Technology Em., 39 Tran Hung Dw, Hanoi AtL Nguyen Thuang Ph: +84-4-261843 Fax: +84-252733

University ol Agricuiture and Forectry Biomass, low-cost biodigesters, gasification jounral on disk email, training in sustainable rural dev., PV panels. Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh City Att Thomas R. Preston PhD. Ph: +84-8-961472 Fax: +84-8-960713 Telex +ifskfd@lecostat.aau.dk E-mail: thomas ffopreston%ohue%ifs.plants@ox.ac.uk
INforSE SECRETARIAT att. Rene Karrotki P.O. Box 2059, DK-1013 Copenhagen Ph:+45-33121307, fax:+45-33121308 mail: inforse@inforse.dk

EAST AFRICA

FWD- Found. for Woodstove Disseminat. att. Stephen Karekezi, Timothy Ranja P.O.Box 30979, Nairobi, Kenya
fax:+254-2-740524/561464

WEST AFRICA
ENDA-Energie, att.Youba Sokona, Masse Lo

54 rue Carnot B.P. 3370, Dakar, Senegal email energy@endadakar.gn.apc.org

EAST ASIA - THE PACIFIC CATT- Phill. Cent. f. Appr. Techn. Train. tt. Benjarnin Gertes

224 Diego Silang,Batangas City, Philipines. Fax: +6343-723-0340

CENTRAL ASIA
SEOA- Integr. Sust En. L Ecol. Dev. Ass att. Raymond Myles. rd, fI.,St Soldier Tower, Vikas Puri, New Delhi 110018, India. Fax:+91-11-5529646

EUROPE

DVE - Danish Org.Renewable Energy tt Gunnar Boye Olesen

1. Kiricevej 56, 8530 Hjortshøj, Denmark mail: ove@nn.apc.org

SZOPK-Found. for Altemative Energy att Emil Bedi

Gorkeho 6, 81101Bratislava, Slovakia mail: bedi@seps.ke.sanet.sk

LATIN AMERICA

ED - Inst de Ecologia e Desenvolvirnento
att Emilio & Ana Luda La Rovere
a de Assernbl.10, s1.816,Rio de J., Brazil
Ph/fax: +55-21-531-2948

EDES tt. Martin Prieto Beaulieu

AV. Millan 4113,Montevideo, Uruguay
x: +598-2-381B40
NORTH AMERICA

EA - Environmental Action,
att Margaret Morgan-Hubbard 930 Carroll Ave.#600,Takoma Park, M 0912, USA Fax:+1+301-891 2218

The role of NGOs

In a successful implementation of the World Solar Programme, the role of NGOs goes far beyond lobbying for sustainable solutions. The large-scale implementation of solar energy solutions will only succeed if technology as well as organisation is developed and implemented in close cooperation with the end-users. In each area, development must be adapted to the needs of the users.

Many years of experience have shown that NGOs, including Community - Based Organisations (CBOs), are important to the successful dissemination of solar energy and other sustainable energy solutions, based on their local contacts, knowledge of local needs, and credibility, locally.

About this Newsletter

This special INforSE WSSP NGO newsletter is produced to link the World Solar Summit Process (WSSP), organized by UNESCO, to NG0O-activities, and to focus on NGO views and approaches. This is the second of four issues: two before the Solar Summit and two during the Summit itself.

The English version is issued by INforSE, P.O. Box 2059, DK-1013, Copenhagen K, Denmark

The French version is issued by ENDA-TM, B P. 3370, Dakar, Senegal, ph+221-225983, email:erergy@endadakar.gn apc.org

Editors: Gunnar Boye Olesen (OVE), Natascia Petringa (lNforSE Secretanat), Masse Lo and Secou Sarr ( ENDA-Energie).

Next Issue: Sept 14 at the Solar Summit Deadline for Nest Issue Sept 12.
Inputs are welcome by email: Biomass@mango.zw, att INforSE Newsletter.

Comments to the World Solar Summit Documents

Draft Harare Declaration on Solar Energy and sustainable Development

Following the third IOC Meeting (International Organizing Committee for the WSS) on August 1-2, a new draft of the Harare Declaration on Solar Energy and Sustainable Development was released on August 7.

The new draft is shorter and more streamlined than the previous (June) version. Its role is to endorse the World Solar Programme (WSP) 1996-2005 and the continuation of the World Solar Coromission.

It may be the only international top-level paper in this decade to stress specifically the role of renewable energy, but other than endorsing the WSP, it gives very few concrete proposals, fewer than the previous draft. Moreover, it does not add much to the already existing Agenda21.

The draft Declaration recognises the important roles of NGOs and women in development, as was requested by INforSE and others. However, it does not reflect organisational and institutional factors necessary for decentralized renewable energy development.

The signatories to the Declaration commit themselves to work for free and open energy markets as an arrangement to facilitate solar energy. The need to incorporate social and environmental costs in current pricing systems is not mentioned.

The signatories further commit themselves to greater use of solar energy through use of existing international funds. The idea of a new World Solar Fund is no longer mentioned.

For the continuation of this process, all nations, the UN Secretary-General, NGOs, research institutions, and the private sector are urged to join in the implementation of the World Solar Programme. For some reason, however, only the nations are called upon for the development of the program.

Key Issues and Questions on the Leading WSSP
Documents: Some INforSE Views and Comments

Several INforSE member organizations have commented on the leading WSSP documents. We feel these comments should be reflected in the final World Solar Programme and (WSP).

· The main comment on the WSP is that, in general, itis difficult to evaluate the projects from the brief descriptions provided in this document. At a glance, all projects appear to have a top-down approach, hence their chances of sustainability seem to be rather limited Moreover, the specific role of NGOs is not very apparent. Who will do the follow-up and post-installation services (such as operation and maintenance), how, and with what? It is recommended that NGOs be involved in technical support, monitoring, and evaluation of the proposed projects. Unless monitoring and evaluation are in place, how will these projects

The World Solar Summit: Lure

Solar energy is one option to meet the energy needs of rural people in developing countries This justifies the need for coordinated efforts between developing countries and aid agencies, especially regarding national policies in the field of solar energy.

Considering the relationship between most countries with a strong solar potential (i.e. nations of the South) and those controlling the technology (i.e. the North), the Solar Summit should have a strong financial component

Projects or National Action Plans?

The approxibnately 300 strategic projects are designed to be large-scale efforts. However, given the current stage of renewable energy development, can one justify such large-scale projects just for demonstration

Several observers of the WSS process question the approach used to identify and select the strategic projects" Generally, it has been "top-down", with little consideration of local community needs. A more suitable process would be the development of national action plans based on the needs of developing countries, on know-how gained from past experiences, and on participatory approaches be replicated and how will their impacts be measured?

· Secondly, there appears to be little local participation. If these projects are to succeed purely on a technological basis, they will have to depend heavily on highly qualified and highly paid personnel. Hence, these projects will require subsidies from governments for a very long time, and it is unlikely that similar projects can be replicated and/or be sustainable in the situations existent in most developing countries.

Cross-sectoral activities such as agriculture and food processing also need to be integrated into renewable energy development progress. The active participation of rural people (especially women, youth, and landless peasants) also needs to be emphasised Continued on page 4

Lure or Lend?

Borrow to experiment!

The draft Harare Declaration indicates that the WSP may be funded via existing financing mechanisms, such as the Global Envionment Facility, (GEF). This poses a serious concern It is likely that only projects addressing global warming or other global problems, will be eligible. The objective of meeting the social needs of local communities, is hence veyy difficult to achieve. For example, the replacement of comentional fossil fuels with cenewables will not directly affect the communities Uving in rural areas of developing countries, using mainly biomass energy. Their main problem is access to cenewable energy technologies.

The WSS draft documents state that financing will be granted as subsidies or as concessional loans. Can one expect that developing countries are in a position to borrow money (even soft loans) just for the sake of experimenting with technologies...often produced elsewhere?

In addition what contributions will the different countries have to make to the World Solar Programme? How will an equitable atlocation of resources be ensuced? How will the markets for cenewable energy technologies be coordinated internationally?

The 40 Projects for Africa

For Africa, approximately 40 projects have been proposed for the onset of the World Solar Programme 1996-2005.

Generally, these projects are aimed at reducing the dependency of developing countries on fossil fuels and improving the provision of energy, especially to local communities living in rural areas. These projects include:

· technical capacity-building (especially for new technologies), to minimise the reliance on foreign expertise, with information and awareness creation, as well as education and training;

· the development and/or improvement of existing rural electrification programmes along with integrated programmes aimed at improving health and food production as well as water supply and development; and

· the promotion and use of biomass for household energy (such as for cooking).

African NGOs believe that more focus must be placed on alternative biomass resources (i.e. other than fuelwood) to reduce deforestation. Clearly, substantial resources will need to be mobilised as soon as possible for these projects to be materialised.

It is also important to bear in mind that most African countries do not have well defined renewable energy policies (at the national level) to implement and allocate resources for renewable energy programmes. This raises several questions:

· Given the maturity of several renewable energy technologies, why does the WSP seems to focus mainly on large scale demonstration units?

· Is it necessary to "borrow" technologies, to experiment with them?

· Finally, is it necessary for countries with little experience in the area of new and renewable energy technologies, to develop isolated projects, or should they rather focus on developing national energy policies and action plans?

About the last official preparations

Third WSSP/IOC Meeting

During the third International Organizing Committee (IOC) meeting in Paris August 1-2, the feelings of some of the government delegates present was that there are serious time-constraints associated with the revision of the Harare Declaration. Overall, there is not enough time for governments to give an adequate and comprehensive response to the Declaration before the Solar Summit in September

Two updated drafts for the WSS were presented and discussed, namely, the Harare Declaration and the World Solar Programme 1996-2005. However, as in the previous versions, there was little mention of NGO involvement and participation in the development and implementation of these projects.

Rene Karottki, representing INforSE, was amongst those participants who stressed that the important roles which NGOs and Community - Based Organisations (CBOs) can play.

Akita Solar Energy Meeting
By Gurmit Singh, CETDEM Malaysia

About 12 counties were represented at the meeting of solar energy experts held in Ogata village, Akita, Japan, from 24 to 27 July. Although it was supposed to be for South and Southeast Asia, there were many Japanese as well as individuals from the USA, Australia, and Portugal. There were 2 INforSE members present, CETDEM from Malaysia and DERG (Decentralized Energy Research Group) from Japan.

The meeting seemed to spend too much time on photovoltaics and rural issues. There was also excessive time spent on Japan, China, and South Korea, with less focus on other countries of the region. The biggest disappointment came when the UNESCO representative stated that one of the projects presented during the meeting could not be considered since they could only be submitted through

Moscow Solar Summit

The regional Solar Summit in Moscow, July 8-12, gathered leaders of national renewable energy programmes and other experts mainly from the CIS countries. The Summit produced a Declaration, a list of strategic projects and messages to the World Solar Commission (WSC), the EU, and the UN. The "Moscow Declaration" goes a bit further than the other WSSP Declarations inidentifying particular problems for the existing fossil and nuclear energy supply. Further, it is stated that:

· Utilization of renewable energy systems (RES) in many cases can help to solve social and environmental problems;

· More RD&D ( Reseach, development , &dissemination) is needed to improve the RES performance, to increase reliability, and to decrease costs; and

· Incentives and favourable legislation have to be developed to secure RES market penetration.

The messages from the meeting to the WSC, EU, and UN ask for support for a CIS Solar Programme 1996-200S. Finally, the meeting addressed an appeal to Head of States of the CIS countries to promote the development of large national renewable energy programmes. It still remains to be seen what will come out of these messages and appeals.
national governments to the Solar Summit. This raised doubts about projects from several NGOs.

After much debate, participants adopted a 4-page Akita Declaration which generally resembled other Declarations adopted so far. An attempt to create a new Solar Energy Centre was voted out. The lack of political commitment to renewable energy in most countries of the region was also glossed over, as well as the role of NGOs.

NGOs must be alert to the fact that developed nations have not shown much enthusiasm for the Solar Summit and that it is very likely that very few resources may be available to implement any of its recommendations. We must also be aware that these countries have not embraced renewables on a large enough scale to meet their emission reduction obligations under the Climate Change Convention.

Solar Summit Week. Events in Harare

During the WSS a large number of parallel events are planned by NGOs. Below is an overview, incuding INforSE workshops to be organized at at the Harare Intemational Confererence Center.

Other important activities include:

· internal NGO briefmgs at 8.30 a.m. Sept.12,13,14,16,17

· NGO press conferences (see posters)

· exhibitions

Fort hose who cannot come to Harare papers from the INforSE workshops will be available from the INforSE Secretaariat after the WSS. Updates INforSE information on WSS can be found http://www.inforse.dk

Key Issues and Questions on the Leading.., continued from page 2

INSEDA (Integrated Sustainable Energy and Ecological Development Association), India, has suggested a a "Renewable" Energy Bank" or "Energy Development Bank with a global trust fund for renewables. NGOs, rural entrepreneurs, and other und-users could then become members of this bank

· The WSP (e.g. Global Renewable Energy Education and Traning Programme) seem to omit the core of most NGO activities - namely, non-formal education and training. NGOs have been instrumental in this area. In the documents a great deal of emphasis is placed on training at postgraduate and industry levels; however, non-formal training and awareness activities must be given higher priority.

Several INforSE members have proposed SWP projects in education ion and training technical management marketing literacy and skills development, operation and maintenance etc., - all based on local resources

· The Global Solar Energy information System should include organisational and institutional issues INforSE organisations can offer their cooperation in this area

The documents do not emphasise the linjk between sustainable energy technology employment generation poverty allevation and women. They must also promote bottom-up approaches and local insvolvement

Finally, developed countries renewable energy as well since they are the largest contribution of greenhouse gases and must comply with UN-FCCC (Climate Convention). This should be reflected in the WSP.

Senegalese Proposals

On June 21-22, a seminar entitled "Financing of Solar Energy in Senegal. was held
in Dakar, Senegal. It was organized by the

Senegalese Association for Solar Enrgy

(ASES). Forty people working with solar energy attended the seminar.

The participants emphasised the need to:

· formulate and implement a comprehensive "Action Plan" for the promotion of renewable energies;

· strengthen the efforts of different actors working with solar energy to improve coordination and synergy between them;

· disseminate information and create greater awareness of the financial opportunities surrounding solar energy technologies, both at the national and the international level; and

· encourage the participation of ASES in the activities and programmes of the World Solar Summit.

Alert A New US National Outlook? US Renewable Energy Program Ends in 19997

Combining the 23% cut in 1996 with the House Appropriations Committee recommended 20% cut for 1997 would reduce the Federal Renewable Energy Program to about half (in real terms) its 1995 capability. If continued, this downsizing trend would bring the Programm to an end in 1999.

A Presidential veto is possible and efforts are underway in both chambers to raise the 1997 Appropriations Committees' marks in floor action. Floor action to reduce spending further is also possible.

The Federal Renewable Energy Program, budget of the Department of Energy (DOE), includes R&D funding, tax credits, and a regulatory framework ensuring utility purchases of electricity from independent renewable power producers.

The spending history for DOE renewable energy R&D can be viewed within the context of DOE spending for the three other energy R&D programs. See in Table 2.

1995

The passage of the Energy Policy Act (EPACT, P.L. 102 486) and a priority commitment to renewables by the Clinton Administration raised the spending levels for 1994 and 1995.

1996

The Administration's 1996 DOE budget request reflected this priority by seeking $372 M, a $28 M increase, primarily for export promotion and pollution prevention. Stressing budget deficit concerns, the 104th Congress rejected this bid. The 1996 appropriation of $254 million is about $77 M lower than the 1995 mark.

1997

· DOE Budget Request is 327 M$,

$73 more than the 1996 budget. It includes increases of $27 M for biofuels, $25 M for photovoltaics, and $18 M for wind

· The House Appropiations Committee recommends $202 M.

It would cut wind-energy spending by $26 M and photovoltaics by $6 M, while terminating deployment and in-house energy management.

· The Senate Appropiation Committee recommends $215 M.

Relative to the House mark it increases wind-energy funding by $9 M, but it would also terminate the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).and it cuts hydrogen by KM.

More information:

The report by Fred J. Sissine, Science Policy Research Division Congression at Research Service is available at http://www. crest. org/pub/policy-and-econ/pending-l egislation/crs2 txt. Updated July 19, 1996.

Biomass-Fired Gas Turbine, USA

A current trend in industrialized countries is the use of increasing number of smaller and more flexible biomass based plants for cogeneration of heat and electricity. A newly developed biomass cogeneration plant in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA, is at the cutting edge of one of the promising technologies behind this development.

The plant combines a wood furnace with a gas turbine. A hot, pressurized flue-gas filter cleans the exhaust gas from the furnace before it drives the power turbine. The plant can run on fresh cut sawdust (40% humidity), and produces 5.8 MW of electricity, while consuming 10 tons sawdust/hour, and delivering heat as hot exhaust gas at 370°C. This gives an electric efficiency of about 19% and overall efficiency of up to about 75%. The exhaust gas can be used in a steam turbine, increasing electric output to 9.6 MW, and electricity efficiency to over 30%.

The plant in Knoxville has been operating since spring this year, and can be visited during the Seventh National Bioenergy Conference, September 15 - 20, in Nashville, Tennessce.

More information on the plant in Knoxville: BIOTEN, 10330 Technology Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37932, USA, ph:+l-423-675 2130, fax: +1423-9662070.

INforSE - Europe to Lobby EU & Collect Renewable-Energy Case Data

At the 1996 annual INforSE - Europe meeting on June 30, anew Action Plan was approved It sets the framework for the next year's activities of INforSE - Europe. Emphasis will be on the following items:

· A campaign to monitor and lobby EU institutions on energy questions. APERE in Belgium and the INforSE-Europe secretariat in Denmark will allocate resources to follow ongoing EU issues, circulated the information among INforSE-Europe members, and publicise INforSE positions on the different issues in question.

· Collection of renewable-energy case data from Central and Eastern Europe will continue the work began in the project for assessing renewable-energy potentials (see SEN no. 13). This new project will first provide an overview of renewable-energy technologies in Slovakia, Hungary, and Western Ukraine. Later, more countries will be included and an international overview will be made.

· A European sustainable energy seminar is planned for the first week of July 1997 in Hungary in
cooperation with other European energy NGO networks. As part of this seminar will be the 1997 INforSE - Europe meeting.

· A new INforSE-Europe email list is being established.

· The INforSE-Europe sustainable energy-company database will be developed further. It is available on diskette.

· INforSE-Europe asked the NGO Bank Watch Network for cooperation on monitoring energy lending from development banks, specifically, concerning Central and Eastern Europe.

· Finally, an important part of the activities of INforSE - Europe is to take part in the worldwide campaigns and other activities of INforSE. A special European information project is planned for the Solar Summit including a follow up meeting

The INforSE-Europe coordinators, Emil Bedi, Slovakia and Gunnar Boye Olesen, Denmark were both re-elected at the meeting

More information: INforSE-Europe. See at the back page.

Successful Urban Ecology Conference

At "The City as an Organism", 170 participants from 26 European countries discussed how to develop sustainable cities with respect to energy, water, traffic, urban planning, social organization, and many other aspects of urban ecology. Most of the participants took part in the 16 workshops, each of which discussed a special topic and produced an exhibit (See photo)

These exhibits are now circulated in the Copenhagen area as a mobile exhibition. Other outcomes of the conference were:

· a statement from the participants, calling for continued cooperation among NGOs on collecting cases for good practices in urban ecology. From the bottom" develop a list of urban ecology groups in Europe, and secure NGO participation in the Sustainable Cities Conference in Lisboa in October.

· a report summarizing the plenary sessions and workshops.

The conference was organized by OVE, The Danish Organization for Renewable y in cooperation with INforSE Europe and local organizations.

Conference report available at: OVE/INforSE-Europe, adsrress at back page.

EU Update Electricity Directive Coming

A common position on the EU directive on electricity markets was reached at the EU Energy Ministers' meeting, June 20, after 4 years of negotiations. With this recent development, a binding directive can be expected within a year. The common position includes most of the previous agreements (see Sustainable Energy News 11 and earlier). One new element is an agreed upon timetable for permitting large consumers to buy on an open electricity market, across the borders:

· starting in 1999, consumers above 40 GWh/year will be granted such access (22% of electricity sales);

· starting in 2000, consumers above 20 GWh/year (27% sales);

· starting in 2003, consumers above 9 GWh/year (33% sales).

The paragraph on public service obligations still includes environmental protection as one of the costs that a state may ask all consumers to pay, including those trading on the free market. According to previous agreements, this can allow countries to give preferential treatment to non-polluting energy sources, but it is a question of national policy. There will be a second hearing in the EU Parliament before the directive takes effect.

INforSE-Europe organisations are now analysing the implications of the directive for renewable energy and efficiency.

Following the agreement on electricity, the lrish presidency of the EU has started negotiations on a gas directive. It is possible that an agreement on a gas directive can be reached quite quickly, building on the agreements of the electricity directive.

No IRP Directive

The proposed directive on integrated resource planning (IRP) in the electricity sector was not approved by the last Energy Ministers' Council. Because of the limited support for the proposal, negotiations will not continue. This means, effectively, that there will not be an IRP directive with binding obligations for the EU countries The EU Commission can now decide to make an IRP recommendation, but it might not find it worth the effort.

With this measure not approved, it will be even harder to reach the CO2 stabilization and reduction goals of EU.

Efficiency Standards for Fridges

Efficiency standards for freezers and fridges have been approved by the EU Parliament in June at the same level as agreed by the Energy Council in December 1995. They decided upon a 15% efficiency increase over the current leveL with voluntary agreements for further improvements. This was better than the 10% increase proposed by the EU Commission but still is very modest compared with the technical potential.

I5% Renewables Called by EP

The European Parliament (EP) now calls for 15% renewable energy in the 12 "old" EU countries. This is much more ambitious than the official EU goal of 8% renewable energy by 2005 for the "old" countries (the "new" EU countries, Austria Finland, and Sweden already have a +35% share of renewable energy). It is important for the renewable/sustainable energy organization to follow up on the implementation of this new goal. This can be a key part of a EU environmental plan that includes stabilization and reductions of CO2 emissions.

Sources: Danish Energy Agency, ECInform Energy (Iyons@,ecinform.demon.co.uk), and others.

European Energy Conservation Strategy

At the European Environmental Ministers' Meeting in Sofia, October 1995, an Environment Program for Europe was approved, including the idea of a European Energy Conservation Strategy.

Preparation of this strategy is now in progress within the UN-ECE [Economic Commission for Europe), with the aim of formulating a proposal before the next Environmental Ministers' Mecting, which is to be held in Denmark in 1998. The first, informal meeting was held on July 4, and the next meeting will be on October 14-15. NGOs have been granted one seat in the meetings.

Developments will be followed by INforSE-Europe as well as by the NGO Coalition "Environment for Europe" which followed the Sofia meeting.

Sofia NGO Follow Up

The follow-up of the Sofia Conference and the preparation of the next Pan European Environmental Minister Conference will also be discussed at the NGO Coalition "Environment for Europe" conference in Brussels on October 25-27, where the NGO preparations will start for the next Environmental Ministers' Conference, which is to be held in June, 1998, in Argus,

Denmark Topics to be discussed at the conference will include NGO priorities and election of a new NGO steering committee for the process.

More Information: EEB, 26, rue de la Victoire, 1060 Brussels, Be/gium. Ph/fax: +32-2-5390037/5390921, email: eeb@gn.apc.org.
Sustainable Cities,Lisboa, October 6-8, 1996

The cities of Europe will set urban environment on the agenda on the 2nd Sustainable Cities Conference. Four networks of cities united in the "European Sustainable Cities and Town Campaign" supporting the conference. NGOs will also be allowed into the conference, as far as space allows, and with a participation fee of approx. 150US$

More lnformation: Camera Municipal de Lisboa, Praca do Municipio, 1194 Lisboa, Portugal Ph/fax:+351-1-3476889/3429505, email: cmlgri@telepac.pt.

Reactors Can Be Not Only Nuclear But Also Biological, Russia

By Eduard Gismatullin, Greenpeace Russia and-nuclear campaign.

Russia is the biggest country in the world, with a huge bio-energy potential which is not being efficiently used across the country. The total potential of bio-mass resources is 7,000 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe.) for the whole of Russia Of this, according to an official report (* See table), 37.1 Mtoe is technical potential and 24.5 Mtoe is economical potential.

Part of the biomass potential is manare and organic waste of which Russia produces 350 Million tonnes annualy. From this it should be possivle to get 95 Billions of bio-gas equal to 66 Mtoe, almost 1.5 times more than the amount provided by Russian nuclear power plants.

We are spending a fortune on solving the problem of nuclear and organic wastes, and investing money to increase the safety of the nuclear power plants.

We now have a real opportunity to stop dangerous Russian reactors and replace them with alternative sources of energy and energy-efficiency measures. We must seize this opportunity

In Russia, technically accessible and economically profitable know-how does exist which:

· provide autonomous bio-gas stations for producing energy,

· prevent transportation of fuel to remote places. (70% of Russia),

· deal with the organic wastes of farms and cities,

· improve the environment especially around farms where the organic waste pollutes the soil and the nearby rivers,

· produce organic fertilizers.

But bio-gas stations are not very common in the former USSR There is almost no production. In the whole former USSR only about 60-80 reactors were built. There are such great possibilities for this tecnology but since the economic situation is not stable at the moment, and there is obvious prioritization of nuclear and natural gas energy production not enough money is being provided for research into alternative energy resources. Ibis makes it extremely difficult to introduced these technologies into the Russian energy market

Biogas Plant Visited

Last winter and this summer I visited one of the few bio-gas stations in the Moscow suburbs. A group of enthusiasts built, on a small cattle farm, the station BIOEN-I by investing their own money in it in 1994-1995. It should produce energy and fertilizers from the waste of 20-25 cattle and consists of 4 bio-reactors. The station reprocesses 1 ton of biomass a day, producing 40 m3 of bio-gas, enough for 80 kWh and 800 Mjoul of heat as well as I ton of ertizers This energy should be enough for 10 families of 4 people to live in Russian climate conditions

More information on bioreactors:

Center EcoRos, Lomonosavski prospekt 33, bIdg2, office 21, Moscow 117192 Russia Ph: 7 (095) 147 3669, 152 6755. More info on Energy in Russia:

Greenpeace Russia: Dolgorukovskaya str, 21 Moscow 103006, Russia

Ph/fax: 7-(095)-9783950/2519088, email gis@green2.greenpence.org.

Efficiency Tests on the New Peko Pe Stove in Uganda

By Per S. Nielsen, Technical University of Denmark Denmark

There are many options for reducing the biomass consumption in the food preparation process. Looking at the total energy chain from biofuel to the final meal, many technical improvements are possible. There are also many options which are non-technical . There are closely related to the cooking performance. In relation to technical options, the choice of fuel, optimisation of heat transfer, and efficient combustion processes are important The non-technical options include, for instance, the use of lid, skills in firing control, and organisation of the food preparation process.

Figure

The central problem in obtaining high efficiency for the popular three stone stove in real life is the firing control. With three-stone stoves, it is difficult to obtain the optimal distance between fire and pot and to keep the fire in the optimal combustion state, as heat is lost with large flames
Peko Pe Tested

The Peko Pe is a newly developed gasifier stove developed by the Norwegian Paal Wendelbo. It is basically a pyrolysis gasifier. (See figure.)

The stove was tested at the Technical University of Denmark and in the Adjumani Refugee Camp in Uganda in 1995

· In Denmark, the stove efficiency was 24-26%burningdry woodchips (10% moisture) with a caloric value of 16MJ/kg of woodchips.

· In Uganda, the tests showed a stove efficiency of 21-23% with a caloric value of 15 MJ/kg of grass.

The idea of the tests with grass in the Adjumani refugee camp in Uganda was to develop the gasifier stove to be able to use as fuel the grass available in the refugee camp, which in any case would be burned in bush-fires.

In the refugee camp, the stove was tested with 20-cm-long grass straw of two different diameters, 3-4 mm and 7-8 mm. Generally, the thinner grass burned better than the thicker grass.

The stove provided heat enough to boil a meal in around 45 minutes after reaching the boiling temperature. The radiated heat made it possible to boil the water for another 25-30 minutes after combustion was stopped. This is a so called charcoal effect. This effect was not seen in the tests on wood chips in Denmark

Further technical options to examine to improve the efficiency of the stove include: changing the number of holes, the height of the chamber, variation of befoul source, and specifying the role of the moisture percentage.

Socioeconomic aspects

In the camp of 100,000 refugees in Uganda, a workshop was established in cooperation with Accord, a UK NGO and the Norwegian Association for the Disabled.

Technicians, disabled people and women were trained to produce, sell the stoves and cook with the stove. Further aspects to examine are:

· How is it received the cook?

· What kinds of food can be made on the stove?

· Even though the stove is cheap, can people afford to buy it?

· To what extent are people willing to accept preparation of the biomass if necessary?

More info: Per S. Nielsen, Dept. of Buildings & Energy, Bldg. 118, Technical Univ. of Denmark 2800 Lyngby, Denmark. Ph/fax:+45-4525-1949/45934430, e-mail: psn@ibe.dtu.dt

The Peko Pe gasifier stove. The figure illustrates the pyrolysis in the stove while burninggrass. It shows the combustion 5-10 minutes after ignition where the upper part of the grass is burned. The grass is ignited from the top and placed vertical. The stove is made of 2 fins: an inner combustion chamber and an outer shell. The inner chamber (Ø15cm, 20cm high) has 00.8 cm air-holes in the bottom, in the middle and at the top.

Publication

Improving the Environment and Promoting Employment in Denmark
Summary of a study prepared by Economic Council of the Labour Movement, Denmark and the Centre for Alternative Social Analysis 1995 45p.

Elements of a Green Energy Plan which can create Jobs Opportunities with Appendix with calculations
Edited by Ole Busck, SID, General Workers Union in Denmark
1996, 59p.
Contact: Kampmannsgade 4, PO Box 392,1790 Copenhagen V, Denmark
Ph/fax: +45-33142140/-33972460

Mini and Micro hydropower Development in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region- The Nepal Perspective Report of 14 Seminar Paper presented in a workshop in September 1994 organized by ICIMOD.
By editors RDJoshi & Y.B Amatya October 1995, 102 p.
Contact International Centre for Integrated Moutain Development (ICIMOD) 4/80 Jawalakhel, GPO Box3236, Kathmandu Nepal. Ph/fax: +9771-525313A524317,
Email icimod@mos.com.np.

Renewable Energy Strategies for Europe Volume I: Foundations and Context.
Basis of Policy in EU: trends, assessment, research tech development. Driving Forces External dimension: global, Central Eastern Europe, Maghreb and Egypt, aid programs developing world.
Examples of market stimulations from California, Denmark, Austria, Mediterranean, UK, Sri Lanka Brazil.
By Michael Grubb, The Royal Institute of International Affairs.
1995, 224 p., £12.9S+P&P.

Contact RIIA, Chatham House 10 St Jamoe's Square London SWIY 4LE UK. Ph/fax: +44 171-957-5700/5710
Charcoal Dilemma, Finding a Sustainable Solution for Brazilian Indadry
Brazil is the world's largest producer and consumer of industrial charcoal but the charcoal based pig-iron and steel industry is at a crossroad.
By F. Rosillo-Calle, M.de Rezende, P.Furtado, D,O.Hall. Biomass Users Network.
1996, 80p, £S.95+P&P
Contact Intermediate Technology Publication, 103/105 Southampton Row, London WCIB 4HH UK. Fax +441752.202331.

Improving Energy Efficiency in Apartment Buildings
By John DeCicco & Rick Diamond Lawrence Berkely National Laboratory Sandra Nolden, Citizens Conservation Corporation et.al. 1995, 300p., £32, +P&P. Published byACFFF

Energy Efficiency & the Paper Pulp Industry
By Lars J Nisson & E Larson, Pinceton Univ. K. Gilbreath, Chesapeake Paper Products Company A. Gupta, NRDC.
Published byACFFF.
1995, 65 p., 324, +P&P.
Contact: American Council for an Energy Efficiency Economy, ACEEE Publications 2140
Shattuck Ave, Suite 202, Berkely California 94704. Ph: 1-202-4298873 or 1-510-549-9914. Email: glee_murray@ccmail.pol.gov or http ://crest.org/aceee.

Independent NGO Evaluation of National Plans for Climate Change Mitigation.
4th (Interim) review of 20 OECD Countries.
By 20 NGOs fro all over the world like CAN, Greenpeace Sierra Club, OVE WWF, NRDC, GermonwaÎch, WISE, Earth Watch et.al.
June 1996. 46 p.
Contact: Climate Network Europe, 44 rue Taciberne, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
Ph/fax: +32-2-2310180 fax: -2305713, email: canron@gn.apc.org.

Global Warming, A guide to market-based controls on the energy sector
By Ian Fells & Lisa Woolhouse
1996, 135p, £195, 50°/O reduction for academics.

Joint Implementation, Opportunities for Business under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
By Deborah Adams
1996, 154p, £395, 50% reduction for academics
Contact: FT Energy Publishing, 149 Toltenham Court Road, london W1P 9LL UK Ph/fax: +44 17 1-8962241/-8962275.

Periodical:
Medium/Small Hydro Power & Equipment
No 2, 1996 is 100 pages. It is published by HIC, Hangzhou International Centre on Small Hydro Power.
Contact: Int Network on Small Hydro Power, PO Box 607 4 Baisha Road, Hangzhou, 320006, China Ph/fax: 0571-7055489/ 7055492.

Join INforSE

International Network {or Sustainable Energy (INforSE) is a worldwide network of NGOs unified by a common goal - long-term sustainable energy development and a phase out of nuclear and fossil energy consumption.

INforSE was formed at the Global Forum in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992.

Presently, 154 organiorganization are members of INforSE worldwide.

Membership

INforSE is open to membership for independent organizations.

Membership is free of charge, though voluntary contributions are welcome. INforSE has core members and associate members.

Core members of INforSE are independent organizations which support in their words and actions the energy strategy behind INforSE, "Sustainable Energy Development - Towards a World Strategy' and that are approved by their respective INforSE region. Core members have voting rights at regional meetings.

Regional Activities

In each of the INforSE regions, member organizations and the regional coordinator(s) organize regional INforSE meetings and initiatives including conferences, workshops, campaigns, and research projects.

Joint Activities

INforSE lobbies to promote sustainable energy solutions which utilise decentralised approaches. All activities seek to protect the environment and to achieve development

Workshops, statement exhibitions are also prepared for several United Nations events and their parallel NGO Fofums inch ding: the World Summit for Social Development '95, Climate Summit in Berlin'95, World Conference on Women'95, UNESCO World Solar Summit'96 and the 5th International Conference on Adult Education in 1997.

The views and initiatives of each region are presented by the coordinators at annual meetings where INforSE's global activities are planned This year, the annual meeting is in September Harare Zimbabwe

The information exchange is facilitated by the quartely newsletter "Sustainable Energy News" and the annual "Worldwide Sustainable Energy Contact List". These publications are distributed in 2,000 copies and on intrnet

INforSE launches campaigns and publishes research reports such as a colourfill campaign paper entitled "Energy for a Better Life: Sustainable Enrgy or Social Development" and Reports on EU and multilateral funding programs which can be of interest to NGOs working with sustainable energy in the third world

INforSE is publishing 4 issues of "World Solar Summit NGO Voices in English and French

The INforSE publications are free of charge for NGOs as long as possible.

INforSE is supported by the Forum for Energy and Development, Denmark which is an umbrella organisation of Danish NGOs working on development and energy issues.

Please feel free to contact us at the INforSE Secretariat, at our home page on internet (See on page no. 2) or at the INforSE regional coordinator (See in the box).