Time for Change: Food Aid and Development Consultation (WFP, 1998)

FOREWORD (23 - 24 October 1998)

HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE BACKGROUND PAPERS (23 - 24 October 1998)

BACKGROUND PAPERS FOR THE POLICY REVIEW ON FOOD AID AND DEVELOPMENT (23 - 24 October 1998)

THE SPECIAL FEATURES OF FOOD AID (23 - 24 October 1998)

Food as Aid: Special Features of Development Assistance in the form of Food

(introduction...)

INTRODUCTION

LOOKING FOR THE FOOD EFFECT

The Directness of Food as Aid

Nutritional Effects

Targeting Issues

Issues of Effectiveness, Efficiency and Choice

FOCUSING ON HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY

Defining Food Insecurity

The Geography of Food Insecurity

The Predicament of Food-insecure Households

Holding the Line against Impoverishment

Food, Work, and Food for Work

CONCLUSIONS

General Conclusion

Focusing on Where There Is Food Insecurity

The Link between Emergencies and Development

Final Considerations

References

THE FOOD FACTOR

(introduction...)

INTRODUCTION

Food versus cash: the theory

Food versus cash: practical experience

(introduction...)

Evidence from a Developed Country

Evidence from Developing Countries

Why a food factor?

References

Poverty Reduction, Aid Flows and WFP

(introduction...)

INTRODUCTION

DONOR POLICIES ON POVERTY REDUCTION

TRENDS IN DEVELOPMENT FINANCE

Aid versus Private Financial Flows

ODA for Poverty Reduction

DOES AID HELP REDUCE POVERTY?

REACHING THE POOREST WITH DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE

References

FOOD SECURITY FOR THE VULNERABLE (23 - 24 October 1998)

Participation: An Approach to Reach the Poor

(introduction...)

INTRODUCTION

WHY PARTICIPATION?

WFP AND PARTICIPATION

WFP EXPERIENCE - SUMMARY OF LESSONS LEARNED

COSTS OF PARTICIPATORY APPROACHES

STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTING A WFP PEOPLE-CENTRED APPROACH

WFP Standards for Participation

Improved Project Design

Participation in Targeting and Needs Assessments

Capacity-building

CONCLUSIONS

References

Isolating Hunger: Reaching People in Need Beyond the Mainstream

(introduction...)

Introduction

Hunger as an Isolated Problem

Seeing into the Distance

Isolating the Problem: Development Action Against Hunger

Conclusions

References

Food Security, Livelihoods and Food Aid Interventions

(introduction...)

Introduction

The Evolution of Approaches to Food Security

(introduction...)

National Food Security

Household Food Security

The Livelihoods Concept

Threats to livelihoods and coping strategies

(introduction...)

Coping with Food Insecurity

WFP's use of the concepts of food security and livelihoods

Conclusions

References

Targeting to Reach the Food-Insecure

(introduction...)

INTRODUCTION

General Concepts

(introduction...)

Targeting Systems

Targeting Methods

Targeting Efficiency and Cost-Effectiveness

(introduction...)

Targeting Accuracy

Information Systems

Beneficiary Participation

When Targeting is not Cost-Effective

Key Considerations

WFP Targeting Practices

(introduction...)

Defining WFP's Beneficiaries

Identifying Where WFP Can Reach its Beneficiaries

Ensuring WFP Assistance Gets to the Target Groups

Continuing to Meet Beneficiaries' Needs

Conclusions

References

Food Aid to Support Technology Adoption among Small-scale Agriculturalits

(introduction...)

Introduction: Technology Adoption and the Role of Food Aid

Risk and Adoption Of Technology

Distribution Factors in Technology Adoption: Women Farmers

The Impact of Food Aid on Technology Adoption

Conclusions

References and Bibliography

Women in Food Aid Interventions: Impacts and Issues

(introduction...)

Introduction

Why target women in food aid INTERVENTIONS?

What are the positive and negative impacts of targeting women?

(introduction...)

Skills and Assets

Self-confidence and Empowerment

Additional Time and Energy Requirements for Women

Gender Roles and Marginalization

Conclusions

References and Bibliography

Feeding the Vulnerable: Evidence from a Developed Country

CRISIS MITIGATION (23 - 24 October 1998)

Prevention and Preparedness: Mitigating the Effects of Natural Disasters

(introduction...)

INTRODUCTION

CONTEXT

DEFINITIONS

(introduction...)

Disaster

Mitigation

Preparedness

Prevention

LESSONS LEARNED

WFP AND DISASTER MITIGATION

PREPAREDNESS AND PREVENTION ACTIVITIES

Preparedness Activities

Prevention in Practice

Prevention Activities in a Development Context

Prevention in Relief and Recovery

STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES

RAPID RESPONSE—A LINK BETWEEN PREPAREDNESS AND PREVENTION

KEY ISSUES

CONCLUSIONS

Bibliography

Improving Food Security in Marginal, low-potential areas

(introduction...)

INTRODUCTION

WHY INVEST IN MARGINAL, LOW-POTENTIAL ZONES?

The Low-potential/High-potential Debate

Five Reasons to Consider Marginal, Low-potential Areas

IMPLICATIONS FOR INVESTMENT

(introduction...)

Opportunities for WFP

CONCLUSIONS

References

FOOD-BASED SAFETY NEEDS AND WFP

(introduction...)

INTRODUCTION

PROTECTING THE VULNERABLE

(introduction...)

Types of Food Shocks

Vulnerability and the Consequences

Mitigating Food Shocks

FOOD-BASED SAFETY NETS

Types of Safety Nets

The Role of Food-based Safety Nets

Where Food-based Safety Nets are Appropriate

EXAMPLES OF PROGRAMMES

(introduction...)

Emergency Safety Nets in Ethiopia

Targeted Safety Nets in Malawi (WFP, 1998)

Safety Nets in ''Refugee-affected Areas'' in Pakistan (WFP, 1996c)

''Development'' Safety Net Programmes in Bangladesh (WFP, 1996d)

Social Safety Nets in the Gaza Strip (WFP, 1997b)

CONSIDERATIONS FOR A CHOICE OF PROGRAMMES

PROGRAMME EFFECTIVENESS

(introduction...)

Targeting Efficiency

Stabilizing of Access to Food

Development Outcomes

Capacity Requirements and Administrative Costs

Disincentive Effects

Policy Linkages and Political Support

CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPS

(introduction...)

The Role of Safety Nets in WFP Country Strategies

References

IMPROVING EFFECTIVENESS (23 - 24 October 1998)

Establishing Effective Partnerships for Food Aid Projects

(introduction...)

INTRODUCTION

WFP AND PARTNERSHIP EXPERIENCES

Types of Partnerships

Learning from Partnerships

WHY HAVE PARTNERSHIPS?

(introduction...)

What WFP Offers Partners

CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL PARTNERSHIPS

Key Elements

CONSTRAINTS TO PARTNERSHIP

ISSUES

Deciding Where to Work

Deciding with Whom to Work

Control and Accountability

OPPORTUNITIES

(introduction...)

Participating in the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF)

Being Proactive at Headquarters and in the Field

Developing Existing Partnerships

Increasing Technical Capacities through NGO Partnerships

Concentrating on a Few Agencies

Giving Guidance to Country Offices

CONCLUSIONS

ANNEX

Sustainability and Food Assistance: an introductory note

(introduction...)

INTRODUCTION

EVOLVING CONCEPTS OF SUSTAINABILITY

CURRENT PERSPECTIVES ON SUSTAINABILITY

WFP AND SUSTAINABILITY

WFP's Past Approach to Sustainability

A New WFP Approach to Sustainability: Sustainability for People, not Projects

CONCLUSIONS

References and Bibliography

WFP: ADAPTING TO CHANGE (23 - 24 October 1998)

WFP in a changing world

(introduction...)

INTRODUCTION

REVITALIZING WFP

WFP's Mandate

Policy and Guidance

New Initiatives

Financial Planning and Resourcing

CONCENTRATING ON THE POOREST

MOVING CLOSER TO THE PEOPLE

IMPROVING PROGRAMME QUALITY

(introduction...)

Working with Partners

REFORM IN THE UNITED NATIONS

ENABLING DEVELOPMENT: Moderator's Summary (15 February 1999)

(introduction...)

Partnerships

Timeliness

Empowering people and participation

Who and where are the hungry?

Programming priorities

Results-based management

ENABLING DEVELOPMENT (15 February 1999)

I. INTRODUCTION

II. FOOD AID: THE MYTHS

III. WHO AND WHERE ARE THE HUNGRY?

IV. FOOD AS AID

V. COPING WITH FOOD INSECURITY

VI. ENABLING DEVELOPMENT: THE ROLE OF WFP FOOD AID

VII. PROGRAMME PRIORITIES FOR WFP

WHAT WILL BE DIFFERENT?

ANNEX I. WORLD FOOD SUMMIT PLAN OF ACTION AND WFP POLICY DIRECTIONS: WORKING TO REDUCE HUNGER

ANNEX II. EFFECTIVE PARTNERSHIPS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: WFP WORKING TOWARDS THE DAC GOALS

ENABLING DEVELOPMENT: POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION (7 April 1999)

(introduction...)

Introduction

Food as aid

Reaching the right people

Coping with food insecurity

Enabling development: The role of WFP food aid

Partnership

The focus of future WFP programming

Policy recommendations

Enhancing knowledge and capacity for development—a framework for implementation

Strengthening information analysis and management

Building on achievements

A plan for action

Time frame

Products and outputs

Strengthening capacity and human resources

Financial support

Milestones

Annex I. World food summit plan of action and WFP policy directions: Working to reduce hunger

Annex II. Effective partnerships for sustainable development: WFP working towards the DAC goals