5.0

Principles of PHC

The need for the participation of the individual, family and community in all health related activities.

The need for the involvement of the community in identifying the community health needs and the role of every individual in the PHC.

The need for planning and implementation of PHC.

Strategies and mechanisms of Primary Health Care.

7.0

Effects of overpopulation

The concept of over population. Determinants of over population.

7.1

Shortage of food, water and oxygen.

Competition for these resources such as food, clean water and fresh air.

7.2

Diseases

Outbreaks and the easy spread of communicable diseases in the population.

7.3

Lack of shelter

Concept of good shelter. Factors affecting availability of shelter. Poor shelter and its effects. Slums and their effects on the community.

7.4

Accumulation of wastes.

Carbon dioxide saturation. Nitrogenous wastes e.g. urea. Their effects especially in poor disposal system of slums/shanty towns.

7.5

Psychological stress

Discomfort due to over-crowding, and other problems (e.g. lack of exercise, noise and theft). Conditional family planning and reduced family size. Lack of privacy.

7.6

Shortage of social services

Over-stretching of social services facilities e.g. hospitals, clinics, schools churches/mosques, transport/communication.

7.7

Degradation of Environment:

Loss of land productivity through forest destruction and desertification, soil hard pan formation etc. Depletion of Ozone layer.

8.0

Environment Management:

What it is.

8.1

Law on the environment:

Enforcement of legal protection of environmental quality and the consumer. Effective programme of conservation.

Maintenance of a stable ecosystem.

8.2

Environment exploitation versus conservation:

Exploitation versus conservation. Measures to avoid over exploitation of renewable and non-renewable resources e.g. forests and minerals respectively.

Strategies for environment conservation.

8.3

Why environment should be protected

Demonstration/Explanation of how survival depends on the balance of nature and man. Diversity of species and their importance in nature. Awareness of our environment as: individual asset, national asset and international asset.