Livestock and poultry production: Native pig production

Livestock and poultry production

		Message
		Workshop to revise the agroforestry technology information kit (ATIK)
		List of participants
		Current program thrusts in upland development
		Simple agro-livestock technology (SALT-2)
		Intensive feed garden
		Characteristics of forage grasses for IFG
		Plant-based livestock medication
		Small-scale cattle production
		Forced-feeding technology (including Batangas cattle-fattening system)
		Native pig production
		Pig-feed garden
		Low-cost goat housing
		Improving the native chicken
		Family Backyard Poultry project
		How to raise ducks
		Native bee production
		On-farm fodder sources in agroforestry (trees and grasses)
		Off-farm fodder sources in agroforestry (trees and grasses)

Native pig production

Native pigs are important sources of income, food and manure on small farms. Native pigs are sold to friends and neighbors, used during special occasions or serve as a profitable part-time job for family members. These pigs are considered sturdy and are more resistant to various hog diseases. They can survive on kitchen wastes and farm-grown feeds or farm by-products.

Backyard swine raisers may prefer to raise native pigs than the imparted breeds of swine mainly due to the scarcity of capital resources to purchase initial stock and to build a house/pen and to provide commercial feeds.

Table 3. Comparison.

	native	UPGRADED	PURE BREED
Age (from birth to market)	7-9 months	7 months	4.5-5.5 months
Carcass weight	40 kilos	50 kilos	60-70 kilos

Low-cost housing/pen of native pigs

Considerations:

1. Site - Elevated, near water source

2. Orientation - East to west orientation; with this type of orientation, floor of the pen is kept dry.

3. Roofing materials - Cogon, nipa, used G.l. sheets

4. Flooring materials

a. Cement

- Thickness: 3.5-4" (88.9-102 mm)

- Preparation: 1 part cement, 3 parts gravel, 2.5 parts sand, 2/3 parts water

b. Wood slabs c. Bamboo

5. Space requirement for two heads of pigs: 2 sq m

6. Sidings: bamboo

Note: Gliricidia and Leucaena are not applicable since these could be eaten up by the pigs.

Height of sidings:

36" (914 mm) for fatteners and breeders

30" (762 mm) for weanlings and starters

7. Feeding and watering trough materials used:

a. cement

b. wood

c. bamboo

d. halved-tire

Low-cost housing/pen of native pigs

Feeds and Feeding

Common ways of preparing feeds

1. Grinding

This would depend on the age of the animal to be fed. Young animals do not have fully developed digestive system, hence, there is a need for grains to undergo the process.

Example: Corn

2. Cooking

Through this process, the feeding value of some feed stuff is increased. Likewise, calcium oxalate which causes itchiness is destroyed.

Examples: Beans and gabi

Table 4. Feeding management.

Weight	No. of	Feeding	Average
	Feeding	System	Daily
	time		Intake

10 kgs	4x a day	Dry feeding	1-2 kgs a
(12.2 Ibs)			day
45 kgs	3x a day	Wet feeding	2.2 kgs a
(99 lbs)			day
55 kgs	2-3x a day	Wet feeding	2.5 kgs a
(121 lbs)			day

Considerations:

1. The number of feeding time presented would minimize feed wastage.

Note: Decrease the amount of feed given to animals with diarrhea.

2. Dry feeding is recommended for starters since they still have less feed intake; that way, spoilage of feeds is minimized.

Table 5. Examples of Feedstuff for native pigs

	Parts used
A.Protein sources
1. Madre de Cacao	Leaves, stems,
· Gliricidia sepium	flowers, fruits
· Kakawat
2. Ipil-ipil	Leaves, stems,
· Leucaena leucocephala	flowers, fruits
3. Cowpea	Leaves, stems,
· Visna sinensis	flowers, fruits
· Paayap
4. Hyacinth bean	Leaves, stems,
· Dolichos lablab	flowers, fruits
· Batao

B. Energy sources
1. Corn	Grain
· Zea mays
· Mais
2. Cassava	Root
· Manihot esculenta
· Kamoteng kahoy,
balinghoy
3. Sweet potato	Root
· Ipomoea batatas
· Kamote
4. Taro	Root
· Colocasia esculenta
· Gabi
5. Ubi	Tuber
· Dioscora alata
· Ubi
6. Arrow root	Root
· Maranta arudinacea
· Uraro
7. Tugul	Root
· Dioscorea esculenta

C. Vitamin and mineral sources
1 Malunggay	Leaves, stems,
· Moringa oleifera	flowers, fruits
· Malunggay, kalunggay
2. Amaranth	Leaves
· Amaranthas spinosus
· Uray, kulitis
3. Sweet potato	Leaves, vines
· Impomea batatas
· Kamote
4. Gabi	Leaves, petiole
· Colocassia esculenta

D. Water sources
1. Sweet potato	Leaves, stems,
· Ipomea batatas	flowers
· Kamote
2. Kangkong (upland)	Leaves, stems
Ipomea aquatica

Table 6. Examples of Feed Rations.

Starter (18% CP)	Grower to fattener
	(14-16% CP)
1. Rice bran (D1) - 5.4 kgs.	Rice bran - 7.2 kgs sapal - 2.8 kgs
Com bran - 4.6 kgs
2. Midlings - 6.3 kgs	2. Kamote (roots) - 5.0 kgs Ipil (leaves) - 5.0 kgs
Com gluten - 3.6 kgs
	3. Cassava (roots) - 3.2kgs Rice bran - 6.8 kgs
	4. Com bran - 3.0 kgs Mollases - 2.0 kgs
	Tugui (roots) -1.5 kgs
	Fish washings -1.0 kgs
	Ipil (Leaves) - 2.5 kas

Table 7. Native pig diseases and Their Common causes and treatment

Disease	Transmission	Signs/symptoms	Treatment
A. Bacterial
1. Swine	· Dirty feeds, water and pen	· Acute form - lameness,	· Decoction of guava or
Erysipelas	· Nose	vomiting, diarrhea, reddening	caimito leaves
	· Open wounds	of skin in thighs and	· Penicillin
		abdomen	Streptomycin
		· Chronic form - recurring
		lameness
		· Urticarial form - fever,
		anorexia, reddening of skin in
		abdomen, inner thighs, chest
		and back (diamond-shape)
2. Colibacillosis	· Dirty feeds and water	· Whitish to yellowish diarrhea	· Decoction of guava or
	· Unsanitary condition of peo	· Anorexia	caimito leaves
	· Spoiled feedstuff	· Swollen eyelids	· Coco juice
			· Antibiotic
			· Trimethoprim
			· Sulfa preparation
B. Viral
Diseases due to virus are difficult to treat. There is no specific medication to combat the disease. Antibiotics, vitamins and minerals are given to fight secondary bacterial infections.

1. Hog cholera	· Contact with discharges from	· Vascular discharge	· Serum
	sick pig	· High fever	· Vitamin and minerals
	· Dirty feeds, water and pen	· Diarrhea, then constipation	· Tetracycline
			· Coco juice
2. Foot and mouth	· Contact with discharges from	· Drooling of saliva	· Gentian violet saturated
disease	sick pig	· Anorexia (inappetence)	with alum
		· Vesicles in mouth, hooves
		and udder
C. Parasitic
1. Mange/Scabies	· Contact with infested pigs	· Frequent scratching	· Apply used motor oil all
		· Alopecia (hair loss)	over the belly
		· Untriftiness	· Extracts of kakawati
		· Thickening of skin
2. Lice (oflenly	· Contact with infested pigs	· Unthriftiness	· Raw seeds of kakawati
seen in less		· Thick, rough hair	· Raw seeds of ipil-ipil
hairy areas of	· Voracious eater but poor	· Raw seeds of squash
the body	feed conversion

Note: Preparation and application of herbal medicines are presented in Plant-based Livestock Medication, Booklet No. 4.

Table 8. Vaccination program for native pigs

Vaccine	First dose	Next dose
1. Hog cholera	45 days old	after 6 months
2. FMD	1-2 months	after 6 months

Note: Consider disease indicence in the area as to which vaccine would ho given first

Table 9. Herbal medicine

Plant	Parts used	Indication	Preparation
1. Sambong	Leaves	· Colds	· Boil leaves in water. Give 0.5-1.0 liter as drench 2x
Blumea balsamifera		· Fever	a day for 1-5 days.
		· Diarrhea
2. Ipi-ipil	Seeds	· Roundworms	· Grind and mix seeds into 5-8 oz of water. Given as
· Leucaena leucocephala			drench.
Note: This is
contraindicated with
pregnant sows/gilt.
3. Squash	Seeds	· Tapeworms	· Mix raw seeds in feeds.
· Cucurbita maxima
4. Starapple	Leaves	· Diarrhea	· Boil 1 kg of leaves in 1 liter of water for 15
· Chrysophyllum cainito			minutes Give 1 cup 2x a day for 1-3 days
5 Saba	Leaves	· Diarrhea	· Chop leaves and mix with feeds .
· Musa sapientum
6 Madre de Cacao	Seeds	· Roundworms	· Mix seeds with feeds.
· Gliricidia sepium
7 Malunggay	Leaves	· Anemia	· Give 1 cc extract for day old pigs, once 9 day for
· Moringa oleifera			3-5 days (if necessary).
8. Guava	Leaves	· Diarrhea	· Boil leaves and give 1-2 glasses of decoction 2-3x
· Psidium guajava			a day for 1-2 days.