 | A training manual in conducting a workshop in the design, construction, operation, maintenance and repair of hydrams |
 |  | Contents |
| | Foreword |
| | Introduction |
|  | Guidelines for users |
| | Workshop: tools, equipment, materials |
| | Hydram construction materials |
| | Sample worksheet for final materials list |
| | Suggested schedule for hydram workshop |
| | Construction of a PVC hydram time: 4-5 hours (for demonstration purposes) |
| | Attachment A : PVC Hydram - illustration |
| | Session 1: Introduction to training (1½ hours) |
| | Handout 1A: "What's in a name" |
| | Handout 1B: Hydram Training Workshop Objectives |
| | Session 2: Introduction to hydrams (3½ hours) |
| | Handout 2A: Potential energy |
| | Handout 2B: Hydram installation |
| | Handout 2C: Typical hydram |
| | Handout 2D: Glossary of terms for session 2 |
| | Handout 2E: Hydram training workshop participant site information |
| | Session 3: Water measurement techniques (3 hours) |
| | Handout 3A: Using a Weir |
| | Handout 3B: Using a Weir - diagram |
| | Handout 3C: Weir table |
| | Handout 3C: Weir table - metric |
| | Handout 3D: The float method of measurement |
| | Session 4: Measuring heads and distance (2-4 hours) |
| | Handout 4A: Calibrating a sight level |
| | Handout 4B: Using a sight level |
| | Handout 4C: Alternate ways of measuring heads |
| | Handout 4D: Alternate ways of measuring heads |
| | Handout 4E: Distance and head measurement worksheet |
| | Session 5: Review exercise #1 (2 hours) |
| | Handout 5A: Review exercise #1 |
| | Handout 5B: Answers to review exercise #1 |
| | Session 6: Hydram theory (2-3 hour) |
| | Handout 6A: Pressure analysis |
| | Handout 6B: Glossary of terms for session 6 |
| | Handout 2B: Hydram installation |
| | Session 7: Basic plumbing tools and materials (1-1½ hours) |
| | Handout 7A: Typical fittings |
| | Session 8: Hydram construction - Pipefitting (4 - 6 hours) |
| | Handout 8A: Pipefitting hydram w/ Modified factory valves |
| | Handout 8B: Pipefitting hydram w/ Field-made valves |
| | Handout 8C: Materials and procedures: fabricated ram |
| | Session 9: Hydram design theory and parameters (2 hours) |
| | Handout 10B: Thickness of the impulse valve plate - inches |
| | Handout 10B: Thickness of the impulse valve plate - metric |
| | Handout 10C: Impulse valve steel backing |
| | Handout 10C: Impulse valve steel backing - metric |
| | Handout 10D: Impulse valve seat width - inches |
| | Handout 10D: Impulse valve seat width - metric |
| | Handout 10E: Check valve backing thickness - inches |
| | Handout 10E: Check valve backing thickness - metric |
| | Handout 10F: Check valve seat width - inches |
| | Handout 10F: Check valve seat width - metric |
| | Handout 9A-1: Welded hydram: side view |
| | Handout 9A-2: Welded hydram: exploded view |
| | Handout 9A-3: Welded hydram: impulse cavity exploded view |
| | Handout 9A-4: Welded hydram: accumulator: exploded view |
| | Handout 9A-5: Welded hydram 20' drive head dimensions |
| | Handout 9A-7: Welded hydram 20' drive head dimensions |
| | Session 10: Hydram construction - concrete (18 hours over a 7 day period) |
| | Handout 10A: Concrete hydram design parameters |
| | Handout 10B: Thickness of the impulse valve plate - inches |
| | Handout 10B: Thickness of the impulse valve plate - metric |
| | Handout 10C: Impulse valve steel backing - inches |
| | Handout 10C: Impulse valve steel backing - metric |
| | Handout 10D: Impulse valve seat width - inches |
| | Handout 10D: Impulse valve seat width - metric |
| | Handout 10E: Check valve backing thickness - inches |
| | Handout 10E: Check valve backing thickness - metric |
| | Handout 10F: Check valve seat width - inches |
| | Handout 10F: Check valve seat width - metric |
| | Handout 10H: Exploded view of 2- piece concrete hydram |
| | Handout 10I: Side view 2-piece concrete hydram |
| | Handout 10J: Two piece concrete hydram form |
| | Handout 10K: Two piece concrete hydram |
| | Handout 10L: One Piece Concrete Hydram Form |
| | Handout 10M: Problem |
| | Handout 10N: Materials and procedures |
| | Session 11: Hydram component design criteria (1-1½ hours) |
| | Handout 11A: Typical impulse valve |
| | Handout 11B: Typical check valves |
| | Handout 11C: Typical snifters |
| | Session 12: Hydram selection (1½ - 3 hours) |
| | Handout 12A - Hydram comparison |
| | Session 13: Inter-relationships within the hydram (11-15 hours) |
| | Handout 13A: Exercises: Determining the effect of: |
| | Exercise 1: h:H ratio on efficiency |
| | Exercise 2: Frequency on the maximum delivery head to drive head ratio |
| | Exercise 3: Frequency on efficiency, quantity of water entering the hydram and quantity of water delivered |
| | Exercise 4: Volume of air in the accumulator on efficiency |
| | Exercise 5: Drive pipe length on efficiency |
| | Exercise 6: Drive pipe diameter on efficiency |
| | Exercise 7: The snifter on efficiency |
| | Exercise 8: Effect of the drive material on efficiency |
| | Handout 13B: Typical hydram experiment set-up |
| | Handout 13C: Sample graphs |
| | Session 14: Repair and maintenance (2-4 hours) |
| | Handout 14A: Repair and maintenance chart |
| | Handout 14 B: Repair and maintenance worksheet |
| | Handout 14 C: Maintenance/service worksheet |
| | Session 15: Review exercise #2 (2 hours) |
| | Handout 15A: Review exercise |
| | Session 16: Use of multiple rams (1½ hours) |
| | Handout 16A: Series hydram installation |
| | Handout 16B: Waste water series hydram installation |
| | Handout 16C: Parallel hydrams |
| | Handout 16D: Sample problems |
| | Session 17: Site development (2 hours) |
| | Handout 17A: Settling area - take-off system |
| | Handout 17B: Hydram box |
| | Handout 17C: Guidelines/checklist |
| | Handout 17D: Site development |
| | Handout 17E: Glossary of terms |
| | Session 18: Hydram system site selection (2-4 hours) |
| | Handout 18A: Hydram system site selection |
| | Handout 18B: Diagram system for site selection |
| | Session 19: Project planning (2-4 hours) |
| | Session 20: Wrap up and evaluation (2-4 hours) |
| | Glossary of terms |
| | English-metric units conversion table |
| | References |
| | Attachments |
| | Attachment 1-A |
| | Attachment 1-B |
| | Attachment 2-A |
| | Attachment 2-B |
| | Attachment 2-C |
| | Attachment 2-D |
| | Attachment 2-E |
| | Attachment 3-A |
| | Attachment 3-B |
| | Attachment 3-C |
| | Attachment 3-C - metric |
| | Attachment 3-D |
| | Attachment 4-A |
| | Attachment 4-B |
| | Attachment 4-C |
| | Attachment 4-D |
| | Attachment 5-A |
| | Attachment 5-B |
| | Attachment 6-A |
| | Attachment 6-B |
| | Attachment 2-B |
| | Attachment 7-A |
| | Attachment 8-A |
| | Attachment 8-B |
| | Attachment 8-C |
| | Attachment 10-B |
| | Attachment 10B - metric |
| | Attachment 10-C |
| | Attachment 10-C - metric |
| | Attachment 10-D |
| | Attachment 10-D - metric |
| | Attachment 10-E |
| | Attachment 10-E - metric |
| | Attachment 10-F |
| | Attachment 10-F - metric |
| | Attachment 9-A-1 |
| | Attachment 9-A-2 |
| | Attachment 9-A-3 |
| | Attachment 9-A-4 |
| | Attachment 9-A-5 |
| | Attachment 9-A-7 |
| | Attachment 10-A |
| | Attachment 10-H |
| | Attachment 10-I |
| | Attachment 10-J |
| | Attachment 10-L |
| | Attachment 10-M |
| | Attachment 10-N |
| | Attachment 11-A |
| | Attachment 11-B |
| | Attachment 11-C |
| | Attachment 12-A |
| | Attachment 13-A |
| | Attachment 13-B |
| | Attachment 13-C |
| | Attachment 14-A |
| | Attachment 14-B |
| | Attachment 14-C |
| | Attachment 15-A |
| | Attachment 16-A |
| | Attachment 16-B |
| | Attachment 16-C |
| | Attachment 16-D |
| | Attachment 17-A |
| | Attachment 17-B |
| | Attachment 17-C |
| | Attachment 17-D |
| | Attachment 17-E |
| | Attachment 18-A |
| | Attachment 18-B |
| | Attachment - Glossary of terms |
| | Attachment - English-metric units conversion table |
Foreword
In 1772, John Whitehurst developed the first known machine to utilize the water hammer effect to pump water. Whitehurst's device included a water supply tank, a 1½ inch, 600 foot long drive pipe, a check valve, an accumulator and a delivery pipe. He used a hand-operated impulse valve, employing child labor to open and close the valve in continuous cycles.
In 1776, Joseph Michael de Montgolfier invented a similar machine but replaced the hand operated valve with an automatic impulse valve which was opened and closed by the rebound wave inside the hydram itself. Montgolfier's machine was called "le belier hydraulique," from which the term "hydraulic ram" was derived. (Because "hydraulic ram" can have more than one meaning, however, we prefer the British term "hydram" to describe these water pumping devices, and will use this term throughout this manual.) The invention was so simple and reliable, it has survived over 200 years with very little change.
The technical information contained in this manual has been developed through experiments and experience. We have tried to present the fruits of our experience in such a manner as to be easily transferred to other situations and application The transfer cannot always be complete, however, and situations cannot always be predicted. The performance of a hydram is dependent on many variables. The information contained in this manual should therefore be regarded as guidelines based on past experience, rather than absolute rules.
David Jessee
Perennial Energy, Inc.
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