Bioconversion of Organic Residues for Rural Communities (1979): The role of ruminants in the bioconversion of tropical byproducts and wastes into food and fuel: References

Bioconversion of Organic Residues for Rural Communities (1979)

From the charter of the United Nations University

Foreword

Perspectives on bioconversion of organic residues for rural communities

(introductory text)

Introduction

Sources of available nutrients

The most suitable materials for bioconversion

Characteristics of residues

Bioconversion systems

Physical and chemical treatments

Microbial conversion

The animal conversion phase

Summary

References

Availability of organic residues as a rural resource

(introductory text)

Discussion summary: Papers by van der Wal and Barreveld

Micro-organisms as tools for rural processing of organic residues

(introductory text)

Introduction

Microbial utilization of mono- and di-saccharide residues

Microbial conversion of starchy residues

Microbial conversion of complex mixtures of compounds (Polysaccharides, Proteins, Lipids, etc.)

Microbial utilization of cellulose and ligno-cellulose residues

Algal culture as a source of biomass

Microbial utilization of silviculture biomass

Micro-organisms and marine and freshwater biomass

International studies on processing organic residues

References

Production of feed as an objective for bioconversion systems

(introductory text)

Introduction

General characteristics

Manure as feed

Sewage-grown micro-algae

Conclusion

References

Environmental goals for microbial bioconversion in rural communities

(introductory text)

Introduction

Health and water economy

Fertilizer and energy economy

Concluding remarks

References

Discussion summary: Papers by Porter, Berk and La Rivière

Strategies for developing small-scale fermentation processes in developing countries

(introductory text)

References

Discussion summary

Production of microbial protein foods on edible substrates, food by-products, and ligno-cellulosic wastes

(introductory text)

Preface

Introduction

Contributions to the solution of nutritional problems

Development of protein-rich vegetarian meat substitutes in the western world

References

Discussion summary

The role of ruminants in the bioconversion of tropical byproducts and wastes into food and fuel

(introductory text)

Introduction

Nutritional limitations in the use of tropical by-products and waste

Practical experience with tropical by-products and wastes as feed for ruminants

An integrated system for converting tropical feeds and byproducts into milk, beef, and fuel

References

Discussion summary

Possible applications of enzyme technology in rural areas

(introductory text)

Introduction

Biocatalytic processes

Enzyme hydrolysis of manioc

Whole cell systems

Cellulose degradation and utilization

Transfer of enzyme technology to rural communities

Conclusions

References

Discussion summary

Indian experience with treated straw as feed

(introductory text)

Introduction

Experience with straw treatment

Field testing and demonstration of straw treatment

General considerations

Summary

Annex 1. The energy efficiency of the two-stage, feed-fuel processing of straw in indian villages

Annex 2. Method of calculating the value presented in table 2 for the efficiency of naoh energy usage

Annex 3. Recommendations to farmers on the treatment of straw

Annex 4. Calculated efficiency of milk production by straw-fed village buffaloes

References

Discussion summary

Indian experience with algal ponds

(introductory text)

Introduction

Cultivation of algae in wastes for feed

Problems of contamination

Cultivation of algae for biofertilizer

References

Acknowledgements

Discussion summary

Organic residues in aquaculture

(introductory text)

Introduction

The range of production in aquaculture

The value of organic wastes

Direct feeding

Concluding remarks

References

Discussion summary

Biogas generation: developments. Problems, and tasks - an overview

(introductory text)

Introduction

What is biogas?

Microbiology of CH4, or bio-methanogenesis

The biogas plant-some technical considerations

Environmental and operational considerations

Developments and processes for rural areas

Cost-benefit analyses

Health hazards

Bottlenecks, considerations, and research and development

References

Discussion summary

Mushroom production technology for rural development

(introductory text)

Materials and methods for growing mushrooms under natural or field conditions

Growing mushrooms under semicontrolled conditions

Results and discussion

References

Discussion summary

The combination of algal and anaerobic waste treatment in a bioregenerative farm system

(introductory text)

Introduction

Algae production on organic wastes

The bioregenerative farm

References

Discussion summary

A continuous composting system for disposal and utilization of animal wastes at the village level

(introductory text)

Status of land utilization and disposal of animal wastes

A continuous composting system for land utilization of animal wastes at the village level

References

Bioconversion of fruit and vegetable wastes

(introductory text)

State of the art of bioconversion

Technical transfer

Integrated research on agricultural waste reclamation

(introductory text)

Introduction

Production of yeast from soybean cooking waste at miso factories

Application of soy waste as koji substrate for rice miso manufacturing (5, 6)

Conclusion

References

Discussion summary

Solid state fermentation of starchy substrates

(introductory text)

Introduction

Materials and methods

Agro-economic perspectives

Summary

References

Discussion summary

Production of single-cell protein from cellulose

(introductory text)

Introduction

Experimental results

Discussion

Summary

References

Acknowledgements

Discussion summary

Analysis of energy cost of integrated systems

(introductory text)

Energy cost and energy requirement

Why energy analysis?

Net energy intensity

What criteria are offered by energy analysis?

Conclusion

References

Analysis of bioconversion systems at the village level

(introductory text)

Introduction

Approach to bioconversion analysis

Some results and costs from integrated systems

Future development possibilities

Conclusions

Summary

References

Nutritional evaluation of bioconversion products for farm animals

(introductory text)

Introduction

Testing procedures for determination of nutritional value

Bioconversion products: toxicology - problems and potential

(introductory text)

Summary

References

Nutritional evaluation in humans

(introductory text)

Introduction

Evaluation of products of bioconversion for human consumption

Procedures for nutritional evaluation in humans

The evaluation of various food products

Concept of productivity

Conclusions

References

Discussion summary: Papers by van Weerden, Shacklady, and Bressani

Biomass from organic residues for animal and human feeding

(introductory text)

References

Discussion summary

Appropriate biotechnology - summary remarks

(introductory text)

References

Other UNU Publications

(introductory text)

Books

References

References

1. F.J. Salais, T.M. Sutherland, and A. Wilson, "Effect on Animal Performance of Different Sources of Forage in Diets based on Molasses and Urea," Trop. Animal Production 2: 158 (1977).

2. D. Ffoulkes and T.R. Preston, "The Banana Plant as Cattle Feed: Digestibility and Voluntary Intake of Mixtures of Sugar Cane and Banana Forage." Trop. Animal Production 3: 125 - 129 (1978).

3. P. Thivend and M. Journet, "Utilisation Digestive de l'Amidon du Maiz chez le Ruminant," Ann. Biol. Anim. Biophis. 10: 323-326 119701.

4. T.R. Preston, "A Strategy for Cattle Production in the Tropics," World Animal Rev.. 21: 11 - 17 (1977). (Paper in preparation,)

5. T.R. Preston and F.J. Alvarez, "Dual Purpose Milk and Beef Production: A System for Developing Countries in the Humid Tropics," in World Animal Science, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1979.

6. T.J. Kempton, J.V. Nolan, and R.A. Leng, "Principles for the Use of Non-Protein Nitrogen and By-pass Proteins in Diets of Ruminants," World Animal Rev. 22: 2 - 10(1977).

7. T. R. Preston, C. Carcaho, F.J. Alvarez, and D.G. Guttierrez, "Rice Polishings as a Supplement in a Sugar Cane Diet: Effect of Level of Rice Polishings and of Processing the Sugar Cane by Derinding or Chopping," Trop. Animal Production 2: 158 -162 (1976).

8. R. Elliott, H.M. Ferreiro, and A. Priego, "An Estimate of the Quantity of Feed Protein Escaping Degradation in the Rumen of Steers Fed Chopped Sugar Cane, Molasses/Urea Supplemented with Varying Quantitites of Rice Polsihings," Trop. Animal Production 3: 36 39 (1978).

9. L,A. James, "Comfit in Rations for Livestock," Proceedings of CIDA Seminar on SugarCane as Livestock Peed, Barbados, 30 - 31 Januray 1973.

10. R. Elliott, H.M. Ferreiro, A. Priego, and T.R. Preston, "Rice Polishings as a Supplement in Sugar Cane Diets: The Quantity of Starch (a-Linked Glucose Polymers) Entering the Proximal Duodenum," Trop. Animal Production 3: 30 - 35 (1978).

11. H.M. Ferreiro, A. Priego, J. López, T.R. Preston, and R.A. Leng, "Glucose Metabolism in Cattle Given Sugar Cane-Based Diets Supplemented with Varying Quantities of Rice Polishings," (Paper in preparation.)

12. R.A. Leng, Unpublished data, 1978.

13. F.J. Alvarez and T.R. Preston, "Leucaena leucocephala as a Protein Supplement for Dual Purpose Milk and Weaned Calf Production on Sugar Cane-Based Rations," Trop. Animal Production: 112 - 119 (1976).

14. D. Ffoulkes, F.D. Deb. Hovell, and T.R. Preston, "Sweet Potato Forage as Cattle Feed: Voluntary Intake and Digestibility of Mixtures of Sweet Potato Forage and Sugar Cane," Trop. Animal Production 3: 140 - 144 (1978).

15. A. Fernandez, N.A. MacLeod, and T.R. Preston, "Cassava Forage as a Combined Source of Protein and Forage for Cattle Fed on Molasses/Urea," Trop. Animal Production 2: 195 199 (19771.