Communicable Disease Control in Emergencies - A Field Manual (WHO - OMS, 2003, 223 p.): ANNEX 1: WHO REFERENCE VALUES FOR EMERGENCIES

Communicable Disease Control in Emergencies - A Field Manual (WHO - OMS, 2003, 223 p.)

		(introduction...)
		ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
		INTRODUCTION
		CHAPTER 1: RAPID ASSESSMENT
		CHAPTER 2: PREVENTION
		CHAPTER 3: SURVEILLANCE
		CHAPTER 4: OUTBREAK CONTROL
		CHAPTER 5: DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL
		ANNEX 1: WHO REFERENCE VALUES FOR EMERGENCIES
		ANNEX 2: SAMPLE HEALTH SURVEY FORMS
		ANNEX 3: NCHS/WHO NORMALIZED REFERENCE VALUES FOR WEIGHT FOR HEIGHT BY SEX
		ANNEX 4: SAMPLE WEEKLY SURVEILLANCE FORMS
		ANNEX 5: RECOMMENDED CASE DEFINITIONS
		ANNEX 6: OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION FORMS
		ANNEX 7: ORGANIZATION OF AN ISOLATION CENTRE
		ANNEX 8: BASIC LABORATORY SERVICES
		ANNEX 9: LABORATORY INVESTIGATION KIT
		ANNEX 10: TREATMENT GUIDELINES
		ANNEX 11: MANAGEMENT OF THE CHILD WITH COUGH OR DIFFICULTY IN BREATHING6
		ANNEX 12: ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OF DIARRHOEA
		ANNEX 13: FLOW CHARTS FOR SYNDROMIC MANAGEMENT OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
		ANNEX 14: SAMPLE HEALTH CARD
		ANNEX 15: LIST OF WHO GUIDELINES ON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
		ANNEX 16: LIST OF PUBLISHERS
		ANNEX 17: GENERAL REFERENCES

Table A1.1. Cut-off values for emergency warning

Table A1.2. Basic needs

Water	Average requirements
Quantity	20 litres per person per day
Quality	250 people per water point
	Not more than 150 metres from housing
Sanitation
Latrine	Ideally 1 per family
	Minimum 1 seat per 20 people
	30 metres from housing
Refuse disposal	1 communal pit per 500 people
	2 × 5 × 2 metres
Shelter
Individual requirements	3.5 square metres per person
Collective requirements	30 square metres per person
	Including shelter, sanitation, services, warehousing, access
Household fuel
Firewood	15 kg per household per day
	With one economic stove per family, the needs may be reduced to 5 kg per stove per day

Table A1.3. Health care needs

Predicted morbidity	Expected attack rate in emergency situations
Acute respiratory infections, < 5 years	10% per month in cold weather
Diarrhoeal diseases, < 5 years	50% per month
Malaria, non-immune population	50% per month

Essential primary health care activities	Target
Under-5 clinic and growth monitoring	all children aged 0 - 59 months
Antenatal clinic	all pregnancies
Assisted deliveries	all deliveries

Immunization	Target
Tetanus toxoid	all deliveries
BCG	all newborns
DPT1-TT1	all children aged 0 - 1 year
DPT2-TT2	all children aged 0 - 1 year
DPT3	all children aged 0 - 1 year
Measles	all children aged 9 - 12 months

Table A1.4. Health personnel requirements

Activity	Output of 1 person per hour
Vaccination	30 vaccinations
Under-5 clinic and growth monitoring	10 children
Antenatal clinic	6 women
Assisted delivery	1 delivery
OPD* consultation	6 consultations
OPD* treatments, e.g. dressings	6 treatments
Health worker requirements	60 staff per 10 000 population
Note: 1 person per day = 7 hours of field work

*OPD: outpatient department

Table A1.5. Health supply requirements

Essential drugs and medical equipment
WHO Basic Emergency Kit	1 kit for 10 000 population for 3 months
WHO Supplementary Emergency Kit	1 kit for 10 000 population for 3 months
Safe water
Preparing 1 litre of stock solution	Calcium hypochlorite 70%: 15 g/l water or bleaching powder 30%: 33 g/l water
	or sodium hypochlorite 5%: 250 ml/l water
	or sodium hypochlorite 10%: 110 ml/l water
Using the stock solution	0.6ml or three drops/l water
	60 ml/100 litres water
Note: allow the chlorinated water to stand at least 30 minutes before using