1

Geary LM. The late disastrous epidemic: medical relief and the Great Famine. In: Morash C, Hayes R, eds. Fearful realities. New perspectives on the famine. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1996: 49-59.

2

CDC. Famine-affected, refugee, and displaced populations: recommendations for public health issues. MMWR 1992; 41: 1-76.

3

Toole MJ, Waldman RJ. Prevention of excess mortality in refugee and displaced populations in developing countries. JAMA 1990; 263: 3296-3302.

4

Toole MJ, Waldman RJ. The public health aspects of complex emergencies and refugee situations. Annu Rev Public Health 1997; 18: 283-312.

5

Médecins sans Frontières. Refugee health. An approach to emergency situations. London & Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997; 1-380.

6

Perrin P. Handbook on war and public health. Geneva: ICRC, 1996; 1-446.

7

Goma Epidemiology Group. Public health impact of Rwandan refugee crisis: what happened in Goma, Zaire, in July, 1994? Lancet 1995; 345: 339-344.

8

Glass R, Cates W, Nieburg P, et al. Rapid assessment of health status and preventive-medicine needs of newly arrived Kampuchean refugees, Sa Kaeo, Thailand. Lancet 1980; 1: 868-872.

9

Shears P, Berry AM. Murphy R, Nabil MA. Epidemiological assessment of the health and nutrition of Ethiopian refugees in emergency camps in Sudan, 1985. Br Med J 1987; 295: 314-318.

10

Editorial. The health of refugees. Lancet 1985; 1: 673-674.

11

Harrell-Bond BE. Pitch the tents. An alternative to refugee camps. New Republic 1994; Sept 19&26: 15-19.

12

Van Damme W. Do refugees belong in camps? Experiences from Goma and Guinea. Lancet 1995; 346: 360-362.

13

Cosgrave J. Refugee density and dependence: practical implications of camp size. Disasters 1996; 20: 261-270.

14

Kelly C. Disaster-to-development continuum. Disasters 1998; 22: 174-175.

15

Zetter R, Henry CJK. The nutrition crisis among refugees. J Ref Stud 1992; 5: 201-380.

16

Van Damme W, Boelaert M, Van Lerberghe W, Harrell-Bond BE. What should be done in acute emergencies? [Letter]. Lancet 1996; 348: 1663.

17

Boelaert M, Englebert M, Hanquet G, Van Damme W, Van der Stuyft P. Refugee relief rations [Letter]. Lancet 1997; 349: 1775.

18

CDC. Outbreak of pellagra among Mozambican refugees-Malawi, 1990. MMWR 1991; 40: 209-213.

19

Desenclos JC, Berry AM, Padt R, Farah B, Segala C, Nabil AM. Epidemiological patterns of scurvy among Ethiopian refugees. Bull World Health Organ 1989; 67: 309-316.

20

Malfait P, Moren A, Dillon JC, et al. An outbreak of pellagra related to changes in dietary niacin among Mozambican refugees in Malawi. Int J Epidemiol 1993; 22: 504-511.

21

WHO. Scurvy and food aid among refugees in the Horn of Africa. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1989; 64: 85-87.

22

Goyens P, Porignon D, Soron'gane EM, Tonglet R, Hennart P, Vis HL. Humanitarian aid and health services in Eastern Kivu, Zaire: collaboration or competition? J Ref Stud 1996; 9: 268-280.

23

Porignon D, Noterman JP, Hennart P, Tonglet R, Soron'gane EM, Lokombe TE. The role of the Zairian health services in the Rwandan refugee crisis. Disasters 1995; 19: 356-360.

24

Collins S. Ignoring the host: the impact of recent refugee crises on health infrastructure in Ngara district, Tanzania. Amsterdam: Médecins Sans Frontières 1996; 1-89.

25

Toole MJ, Waldman RJ. Refugees and displaced persons. War, hunger, and public health. JAMA 1993; 270: 600-605.

26

Van Damme W, De Brouwere V, Boelaert M, Van Lerberghe W. Effects of a refugee-assistance programme on host population in Guinea as measured by obstetric interventions. Lancet 1998; 351:1609-1613.

27

Hansen A. Managing refugees: Zambia's response to Angolan refugees 1966-1977. Disasters 1979; 3: 375-380.

28

Kibreab G. The state of the art review of refugee studies in Africa. Uppsala: 1991; 1-83.

29

Hilderbrand K, Van Erps J, Hody B, Arbyn M. Angolan refugees in Shaba, Zaire 1984-1990: a case study of management imbroglio. J Ref Stud 1992; 5: 336-342.

30

Kuhlman T. Burden or boon? A study of Eritrean refugees in the Sudan. Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1990; 1-203.

31

WHO. Emergency and humanitarian action. Geneva: WHO, 1996; 1-64.

32

de Waal A. Famine mortality: a case study of Darfur, Sudan 1984-5. Pop Stud 1989; 43: 5-24.

33

de Waal A. Famine that kills: Darfur, Sudan 1984-1985. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989; 1-258.

34

Szreter S. Economic growth, disruption, deprivation, disease, and death: on the importance of the politics of public health for development. Pop Dev Rev 1997; 23: 693-728.

35

Szreter S, Mooney G. Urbanization, mortality, and the standard of living debate; new estimates of the expectation of life at birth in nineteenth-century British cities. Economic History Review 1998; LI: 84-112.

36

Ibrahim MM, Omar HM, Persson LA, Wall S. Child mortality in a collapsing African society. Bull World Health Organ 1996; 74; 547-552.

37

McKeown T. The role of medicine: dream, mirage or nemesis? London: Nuffield Provincial Hospital Trust, 1976; 1-180.

38

Evans RG, Stoddart GL. Producing health, consuming health care. Soc Sci Med 1990; 31: 1347-1363.

39

Cassel J. The contribution of the social environment to host resistance. Am J Epidemiol 1976; 104: 107-123.

40

House JS, Landis KR, Umberson D. Social relationships and health. Science 1988; 241: 540-545.

41

Doyal L, Gough I. A theory of human need. Houndsmille, Basingstoke, Hampshire & London: MacMillan, 1991; 1-365.

42

Kunz EF. The refugee in flight: kinetic models and forms of displacement. Int Migrat Rev 1973; 7: 125-146.

43

Kunz EF. Exile and resettlement: refugee theory. Int Migrat Rev 1981; 15: 42-51.

44

Harrell-Bond BE. Imposing aid; emergency assistance to refugees. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986; 1-440.

45

Voutira E, Harrell-Bond BE. In search of the locus of trust: the social world of the refugee camp. Oxford 1992; 1-13.

46

Wilson KB. Enhancing refugees' own food acquisition strategies. J Ref Stud 1992; 5: 226-246.

47

Black R, Sessay M. Forced migration, land-use change and political economy in the Forest Region of Guinea. African Affairs 1997; 96: 587-605.

48

Black R. Putting refugees in camps. Forced Migration Review 1998; 2: 4-7.

49

Dualeh MW. Do refugees belong in camps? Lancet 1995; 346: 1369-1370.

50

Van der Borght S, Philips M. Do refugees belong in camps? Lancet 1995; 346: 907-908.

51

Harrell-Bond BE, Voutira E, Leopold M. Counting the refugees: gifts, givers, patrons and clients. J Ref Stud 1992; 5: 205-225.

52

Rufin JC. Le piège humanitaire. Paris: Hachette/Pluriel, 1986; 1-372.

53

Chambers R. Hidden losers? The impact of rural refugees and refugee programs on poorer hosts. Int Migrat Rev 1986; 20: 245-263.

54

Reed BA, Habicht J-P. Sales of food aid as sign of distress, not excess. Lancet 1998; 351: 128-130.

55

Waldron SR. Blaming the refugees. Refugee Issues 1987; 3: 1-19.

56

Hilderbrand K, Boelaert M, Van Damme W, Van der Stuyft P. Food rations for refugees [Letter]. Lancet 1998; 351: 1213-1214.

57

Ritmeijer K. Refugees' food acquisition strategies in times of inadequate rations; the case of Mauritanian refugees in Senegal. Amsterdam: Médecins Sans Frontières 1.991; 1-9.

58

Hathaway JC. New directions to avoid hard problems: the distortion of the palliative role of refugee protection. J Ref Stud 1995; 8: 288-304.

59

Ogata S. Refugee children. Guidelines on protection and care. Geneva: UNHCR, 1994; 1-182.

60

Anon. 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Br Med J 1997; 315: 1455-1456.

61

UNHCR. Handbook on procedures and criteria for determining refugee status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the status of refugees. Geneva: UNHCR, 1992; 1-93.

62

Hampton J. Internally displaced people. A global survey. Global IDP survey of the Norwegian Refugee Council. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd, 1998; 1-240.

63

Immigration and Refugee Services of America. World Refugee Survey 1996: an annual assessment of conditions affecting refugees, asylum seekers, and internally displaced people. Washington: USCR 1996; 1-203.

64

Moore P, Marfin A, Quenemoen L, et al. Mortality rates in displaced and resident populations of central Somalia during 1992 famine. Lancet 1993; 341: 935-938.

65

Porignon D, Soron'gane EM, Lokombe TE, Katulanya I, Van Lerberghe W. How robust are district health systems? Coping with crisis and disasters in Rutshuru, Democratic Republic of Congo. Trop Med Int Health 1998; 3: 559-565.

66

Borton J, Brusset E, Hallam A. The international response to conflict and genocide: lessons from the Rwanda experience. 3. Humanitarian aid and effects. Millwood, D, Copenhagen: Steering Committee of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda 1996; 1-169.

67

Eriksson J. The international response to conflict and genocide: lessons from the Rwanda experience. Synthesis report. Millwood, D. Copenhagen: Steering Committee of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda 1996; 1-81.

68

Anthony AC. Rights and obligations of rural refugees in Tanzania: a case study of Mpanda District. Afr Rev 1990; 17: 21-41.

69

CDC. Health status of displaced persons following Civil War-Burundi, December 1993-January 1994. MMWR 1994; 43: 701-703.

70

Mbago MC. Some correlates of child mortality in the refugee populated regions in Tanzania. J Biosoc Sci 1994; 26: 451-467.

71

Government of Tanzania. The Tanzania refugees policy implementation record and the Tanzania position on the Rwanda and Burundi refugees related problems, 1995; 1-16.

72

Sommers M. Representing refugees: the role of elites in Burundi refugee society. Disasters 1995; 19: 19-25.

73

CDC. Risque d'épidémie de typhus dans les camps de réfugiés rwandais. Relevé Epidémiol Hebd 1994; 69: 259.

74

Dolan C, Tollman S, Nkuna VG, Gear JSS. The links between legal status and environmental health: a case study of Mozambican refugees and their hosts in the Mpumalanga (Eastern Transvaal) Lowveld, South Africa. Health and Human Rights 1997; 2: 63-86.

75

Wilson KB. Internally displaced, refugees and returnees from and in Mozambique. Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet 1994; 1-61.

76

Dodge CP. Health implications of war in Uganda and Sudan. Soc Sci Med 1990; 31: 691-698.

77

Orach C, Bukenya B, Mbona T.N. Morbidity & mortality among hospitalised Sudanese refugees in West Nile district of Uganda. Tropical Health 1994; IV: 16-19.

78

Davis AP. Targeting the vulnerable in emergency situations: who is vulnerable? Lancet 1996; 348: 868-871.

79

Mulholland K. Cholera in Sudan: an account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985. Disasters 1985; 9: 247-258.

80

Shears P. Nutrition studies of Ugandan refugees in Sudan and Rwanda. A report on surveys using the mid-upper arm circumference method. Trop Geogr Med 1985; 37: 359-361.

81

Downing R. A tale of two clinics-primary health care in refugee settings: lessons from Sudan and Somalia. Soc Sci Med 1989; 28: 1053-1058.

82

Mercer A. Mortality and morbidity in refugee camps in Eastern Sudan: 1985-90. Disasters 1992; 16: 28-42.

83

Young H. A case study of the Chadian refugees in Western Sudan: the impact of the food assessment mission. J Ref Stud 1992; 5: 327-335.

84

Desenclos JC, Michel D, Tholly F, Magdi I, Pecoul B, Desve G. Mortality trends among refugees in Honduras, 1984-1987. Int J Epidemiol 1990; 19: 367-373.

85

Gardner P, Rohde JE, Majumdar MB. Health priorities among Bangladesh refugees. Lancet 1972; 1: 834-836.

86

Hickman R. Deteriorating health of refugee children in India. Lancet 1971; 2: 917-918.

87

Pastakia B. Relief for Bangladesh refugees in India. Lancet 1972; 2: 1139.

88

Seaman J. Relief work in a refugee camp for Bangladesh refugees in India. Lancet 1972; 2: 866-870.

89

Dahlberg K. Medical care of Cambodian refugees. JAMA 1980; 243: 1062-1065.

90

Elias CJ, Alexander BH, Sokly T. Infectious disease control in a long-term refugee camp: the role of epidemiologic surveillance and investigation. Am J Public Health 1990; 80: 824-828.

91

Lamberts AE. Medicine on the Cambodian border: Khao I Dang. JAMA 1987; 258: 203.

92

O'Sullivan J, O'Sullivan G, Ebrahim S. Primary health care in Ubon refugee camp. Br Med J 1980; 280: 779-781.