(introduction...)

The second focus identified above for exploring costs concentrates on questions that may be asked of training systems before, during and after the core period of training. These questions can be framed in relation to relate to antecedent circumstances, the transactions associated with the process of training including its organisational features, and those aspects of outcomes from training that might indicate the value or otherwise of the investments that have been made. The latter include not only evidence of competence as a result of training but also any indications that may exist of the translation of competencies into practice.