Introduction
1. Report of Mrs. Potter Palmer, President, to the Board of Lady Managers, September 2, 1891 (Chicago, 1891), 7-8. Quoted in Ann Massa, "Black Women in the 'White City,'" Journal of American Studies [Great Britain] 8 (1974), 320.
2. Chicago Tribune, 16 Nov. 1890. Quoted in Massa, "Black Women," 320.
3. For further information see "Mary Simmerson Cunningham Logan," in Edward T. James, et al., eds., Notable American Women, 1607-1950: A Biographical Dictionary, 3 vols. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971).
4. Massa, "Black Women," 332-33.
5. "National Association of Colored Women," Black Women in America.
6. Ida B. Wells, Crusade for Justice: the Autobiography of Ida B. Wells, edited by Alfreda M. Duster (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), 119.
7. Wells, Crusade for Justice, 117.
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8. The Woman's Columbian Association, a Chicago's Black women's organization, was founded in 1891. Under its President, Mrs. R.D. Boone, the group sought to publicize the advancements made by African Americans since emancipation, with womens work high on the list of achievements. See Massa, "Black Women," 322.
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10. Wells, Crusade for Justice, 116.
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11. Massa, "Black Women," 334.
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12. "Fannie Marion Jackson Coppin," Notable American Women.
13. "Fannie Marion Jackson Coppin," Notable American Women.
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14. David F. Burg, Chicago's White City of 1893, (Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 1976), 324.
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15. Massa, "Black Women," 334.
16. Massa, "Black Women," 335.
Biographical Sketches
17. Darlene Clark Hine, ed., Black Women in America: An Historical Encylclopedia (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Carlson, 1993), 1:536.
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