(introduction...)

· Mechanical pumps will often be needed. Seek expert local advice on what is suitable and remember there will be future need of operators, fuel and spares.

· Pumping requirements should always be calculated to be minimal. Maximum use of gravity flow for treatment processes, water conveyance and distribution should also be pursued.

· As it is always difficult to predict for how long a refugee water supply will be required, emergency water supply solutions involving pumping devices should guarantee a long-term and effective system from the beginning. Ad-hoc approaches to solving emergencies are bound to be problematic and difficult to operate and maintain, unless solutions are chosen in accordance with the realities of the site, the long-term operation and maintenance possibilities available and sound engineering practice.