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close this bookNarcotic and psychotropic drugs: Achieving balance in national opioids control: Guidelines for assessment (WHO/EDM, 2000, 41 p.)
View the document(introductory text...)
View the documentEXECUTIVE SUMMARY
View the documentSECTION I - PURPOSE AND AUDIENCE
View the documentSECTION II - INADEQUATE PAIN RELIEF
View the documentSECTION III - MEDICAL NEED FOR OPIOID ANALGESICS
View the documentSECTION IV - THE INADEQUATE AVAILABILITY OF OPIOIDS
View the documentSECTION V - IMPEDIMENTS TO OPIOID AVAILABILITY
View the documentSECTION VI - THE IMPERATIVE TO EVALUATE NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY
View the documentSECTION VII - METHOD FOR PREPARING THE GUIDELINES
View the documentSECTION VIII - USING THE GUIDELINES
View the documentSECTION IX - THE GUIDELINES
View the documentSECTION X - SELF-ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST
View the documentACKNOWLEDGMENTS
View the documentREFERENCES
View the documentANNEX 1 - USE OF TERMS IN THIS DOCUMENT
View the documentANNEX 2 - ORDERING INFORMATION FOR KEY RESOURCES
View the documentANNEX 3 - SUMMARY OF THE GUIDELINES
View the documentANNEX 4 - GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF PRINCIPAL NARCOTIC DRUGS

ANNEX 4 - GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF PRINCIPAL NARCOTIC DRUGS

Average Daily Consumption of Defined Daily Doses Per Million Inhabitants During the Years 1994-1998

Country

Codeine

Dihydro
codeine

Ethyl
morphine

Morphine

Pholcodine

Dextropro
poxyphene

Diphen
oxylate

Methadone

Pethidine

Others

Total

Ireland - Irlande - Irlanda

12,839

16,071


2,454

3,837

1,263


1,098

103

1,650

39,316

Denmark - Danemark - Dinamarca

10,384


5

6,993

2

2,170

356

2,364

177

7,249

29,701

Switzerland - Suisse - Suiza

16,231

88

26

1,763

71

4,526

61

2,777

55

2,342

27,942

United Kingdom - Royaume-Uni - Reino Unido

7,837

3,895

48

2,569

1,522

9,968

275

982

70

583

27,748

France - Francia

8,890


321

2,201

2,936

6,769


156

10

388

21,672

Canada - Canadá

14,817



3,400


263

7

497

215

2,238

21,437

United States of America - Etats-Unis d'Amérique - Estados Unidos de América

3,558

14


2,310


4,184

693

1,444

182

8,198

20,585

Australia - Australie

10,669

332

4

3,318

1,240

699

757

2,626

194

474

20,312

Sweden - Suède - Suecia

8,817


1,106

3,472


3,307


288

28

1,812

18,830

Norway - Norvège - Noruega

10,776

13

108

2,357

2,773

1,088


101

48

661

17,925

Singapore - Singapour - Singapur

13,835



88

195


1,261

10

39


15,428

Iceland - Islande - Islandia

10,960


1

3,153


142

88

163

42

300

14,848

The form. Yug. Rep. of Macedonia - l'ex-Rép. Yougosl. de Macédonie

10,341



111

1,468



128


26

12,073

New Zealand - Nouvelle Zélande - Nueva Zelandia

1,053



3,283

1,458

3,369

362

1,963

106

233

11,827

Belgium - Belgique - Bélgica

4,669

129

356

849

661

201

335

1,109

20

2,968

11,298

Falkland Islands - Iles Falkland - Islas Malvinas

1,370

1,742


1,817

71

4,455



38

1,681

11,175

Hong Kong SAR - RAS de Hong Kong - RAE de Hong Kong

4,092


105

309

835

1,521

288

2,418

29

69

9,665

Slovakia - Slovaquie - Eslovaquia

6,666


470

583

1,065



21

26

87

8,919

Spain - Espagne - España

3,849

37

11

701

21

454

67

1,970

17

83

7,210

Israel - Israël

2,633

5

1

1,185


1,605

115

573

105

292

6,513

South Africa - Afrique du Sud - Sudáfrica

4,562

52


265

121

623

22

1

40

71

5,757

Bulgaria - Bulgarie

5,146

2

229

103




30

20

61

5,591

Cyprus - Chypre - Chipre

898

117


168


4,123

203


40


5,550

Norfolk Island - Ile Norfolk - Isla Norfolk

11



5,416





30

9

5,466

Germany - Allemagne - Alemania

1,617

848

1

574


46


430

11

1,023

4,550

Netherlands - Pays-Bas - Países Bajos

1,708

13

1

1,257


21

1

1,111

17

105

4,234

Austria - Autriche

375

419

2

2,158


77


715

16

226

3,987

Iran (Islamic Republic of) - Iran (Rép. Islamique d') - Irán (Rep. Islámica del)

2,556



20

3


1,357

4

3

1

3,943

Hungary - Hongrie - Hungría

748

87

865

509

2


1,241

27

14

26

3,518

Japan - Japon - Japón

498

2,461


471





2

5

3,438

Finland - Finlande - Finlandia

943


166

690

944


27

41

15

430

3,256

Romania - Roumanie - Rumania

2,244

2

2

197




3

51

15

2,514

Croatia - Croatie - Croacia

1,883



32




527

7

1

2,450

Luxembourg - Luxemburgo

24

24


708


38


779

9

825

2,408

Barbados - Barbade

2,093

48


112





115

10

2,379

Saint Helena - Ile Sainte-Hélène - Isla Santa Helena

27

68


1,364


548



147

180

2,335

United Arab Emirates - Emirats arabes unis - Emiratos Árabes Unidos

1,639



64



368

1

27


2,098

Bermuda - Bermudes - Bermudas

658

22


823




469

48

58

2,078

Italy - Italie - Italia

719

127

6

121


126

3

785

2

1

1,891

Malaysia - Malaisie - Malasia

1,189

158


60

84


324


21


1,836

Iraq

384



2


79

1,334


3


1,801

Cayman Islands - Iles Caímanes - Islas Caimanes

47

37


361

558




144

586

1,733

Portugal

977

6

35

184


9

366

128

7

11

1,723

Czech Republic - République tchèque - República Checo

895

38

54

388

51



2

60

230

1,717

India - Inde

339


11

6

15

475

781


1

23

1,652

Greece - Grèce - Grecia

1,277

20


90


83


55

25

1

1,550

Argentina - Argentine

168


20

725

31

355



5

106

1,411

Pakistan - Pakistán





582

459

261




1,303

Costa Rica

1,120



164



7

3

3

3

1,299

Poland - Pologne - Polonia

622


32

486




15

41

4

1,200

Chile - Chili

1,024


14

117




9

8


1,172

Malta - Malte




363




688

44

6

1,102

Egypt - Egypte - Egipto

707

209

18

7

44

35

19


4


1,044

Tunisia - Tunisie - Túnez

477


201

44

112

94



2

41

972

Slovenia - Slovénie - Eslovenia

148

27


178

142



433

13

25

966

Thailand - Thailande - Tailandia

479



20


5

178

142

7

75

907

New Caledonia - Nouvelle-Calédonie - Nueva Caledonia

1



865





12

3

880

Morocco - Maroc - Marruecos

447


29

2

253

71

5


2

7

818

Syrian Arab Republic - République arabe syrienne - República Árabe Siria

120



1


680



2


803

Venezuela

594


125

2


5

68

1

2


798

Turkey - Turquie - Turquía

660


4

20



68


10


762

Colombia - Colombie

146

177


72


9

243

10

11

57

725

Cuba

320



78


250

36


8

8

700

Republic of Korea - République de Corée - República de Corea

43

523


115





13


694

China - Chine

64



9


5

221

1

11

352

663

Jordan - Jordanie - Jordania

277



23


150

149


26


625

Ecuador - Equateur

231

92


2


257

2



2

585

Russian Federation - Fédération de Russie - Federación de Rusia

411


1

160






13

585

Mexico - Mexique - México

30

2


7


234

293

6


1

572

Christmas Island - Ile Christmas - Isla Christmas

3



502





23


528

Lebanon - Liban - Libano

417



66

5




19


508

Uruguay

67


9

61


310



11

40

499

Viet Nam

412





64


1

3


481

Estonia - Estonie

120


6

216




39

27

54

463

Aruba

12



164




3

79

155

413

Algeria - Algérie - Argelia

72



2

316




1

9

400

Cook Islands - Iles Cook - Islas Cook

3



38




5

53

277

375

Republic of Palau - République des Palaos




12





35

315

362

Bolivia - Bolivie

130


3

1


202

1

2

1

12

351

Albania - Albanie

231


3

44





6

58

342

Netherlands Antilles - Antilles néerlandaises - Antillas Neerlandesas

76



142




3

23

92

336

Zimbabwe

249



36

7

17

6


10

10

335

Kazakhstan - Kazakstán

155



135






11

301

Peru - Pérou - Perú

196

2


7

1

52

15


3


277

Guatemala

84

67




44

65


5


267

Lithuania - Lituanie - Lituania

4


1

130




99

3

24

262

Panama - Panamá

184



22


3



12

40

260

Tonga

30



6

215




3


253

Mauritius - Maurice - Mauricio

100



26





31

87

245

Cóte d'Ivoire

233










234

Senegal - Sénégal

225









9

234

Bahamas

18



46


25



31

111

231

Ukraine - Ucrania

49



165






7

220

Sri Lanka

119



21




1

10

51

201

Andorra - Andorre




161




5

3

6

176

Philippines - Filipinas

21



14



124


2


162

Latvia - Lettonie - Letonia

5

3

5

84




48


16

161

Grenada - Grenade - Granada

54



80


1



19


155

Brazil - Brésil - Brasil

49



19


8

57


9

6

148

Madagascar

65


19

22

9





26

142

French Polynesia - Polynésie française - Polinesia Francesa

11



110





3

8

132

Kuwait - Koweït

31



58





34


123

Jamaica - Jamaïque

39



59





13


111

Namibia - Namibie




97





10

1

108

Bahrain - Bahreïn - Bahrein

14



58





35


107

Botswana

7

18


53




1

26


106

Saudi Arabia - Arabie saoudite - Arabia Saudita

31



47


6



19

1

104

Nicaragua

21



3


65

10


2


101

Indonesia - Indonésie

81








1

11

93

Yugoslavia - Yougoslavie

56



1

1



8

1

20

85

Belarus - Bélarus - Belarús

1



59






13

73

Republic of Moldova - République de Moldova - República de Moldova

14


2

39






13

68

Uganda - Ouganda

43



9





2


55

Kiribati

2



36





8


45

Macao

4



32





6

2

44

Oman - Omán




20




1

16


37

Brunei Darussalam - Brunéi Darussalam




13





16

6

35

Kenya

33

1







2


35

Fiji - Fidji

1



6

6




4

15

33

Qatar


5


11





14


30

Sao Tome and Principe - Sao Tomé-et-Principe - Santo Tomé y Príncipe

3



15





3

8

30

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya - Jamahiriya arabe libyenne - Jamahiriya Árabe Libia

22



1





3


27

Myanmar

19



1





1


21

Dominican Republic - République dominicaine - República Dominicana

2



18







20

Georgia - Géorgie




19







19

Mongolia - Mongolie

10



7






1

19

Kyrgyzstan - Kirghizistan - Kirguistán

1


1

12






4

16

Sqwaziland - Swazilandia

1

3


4





7


15

Antigua and Barbuda - Antigua-et-Barbuda - Antigua y Barbuda




2





12


14

Lesotho


1







2

11

14

United Republic of Tanzania - Rép.-Unie de Tanzanie - Rep. Unida de Tanzanía

11








2


13

Gabon - Gabón









1

12

12

Nigeria - Nigéria

7




3






10

Paraguay

5


2

2





1


9

Lao People's Dem. Rep. - Rép. dém. pop. Lao - Rep. Dem. Popular Lao

4



1





3


8

Papua New Guinea - Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée - Papua Nueva Guinea

2



3





3


7

Malawi

3







1

1


5

Suriname

2








1


4

Dem. Rep. of the Congo - Rép. Dém. du Congo - Rep. Dem. del Congo







4




4

Cape Verde - Cap-Vert - Cabo Verde




1





2


3

Gambia - Gambie

1

1








1

3

Azerbaijan - Azerbaïdjan - Azerbaiyán




2







2

Benin - Bénin




1





1


2

Nepal - Népal

2







1



2

Vanuatu

1








1


2

Cambodia - Cambodge - Camboya









1


1

Ethiopia - Éthiopie - Etiopía

1










1

Mauritania - Mauritanie











1

Togo









1


1

Yemen - Yémen









1


1