2. Part 1 learning objectives

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Review these learning objectives to frame the following discussion.

This part of the module is designed to enhance your understanding of:

· The relationship between disasters and development
· Terms used to discuss these concepts
· How vulnerability to hazards can vary based on local and economic conditions
· How disaster effects can vary from one hazard to another

3. Introduction to disasters & development

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Discuss the historical tendency to separate disasters and development. Ask the participants to comment why this orientation was prevalent and what, if any, problems have resulted.

· The cause and effect relationship between disasters and development has been ignored
· Disasters were seen in the context of emergency response
· Development programs were not assessed in the context of disasters
· Communities under disaster stress were seen as too turbulent for development initiatives

4. The relationship between disasters and development

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Discuss this as the new paradigm. Work through the four quadrants of the figure providing your own examples or using the examples provided in the module. Ask participants for other examples from their own work.

Figure

5. Definition of terms

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Review the terms on the overhead and ask the participants if these definitions are familiar to them. Ask participants to clarify their own sense of what development is. Compare different definitions that me group identifies and ask how different groups within a vulnerable society might define development.

Warning! Cover this point quickly and then move on. The discussion of terms and definitions can often take too much valuable time in the presentation without leading to any consensus or particular point The idea is to simply acknowledge that terminology differs among users, and to agree on a definition to be used for this training.

· Disaster
· Preparedness
· Mitigation
· Structural adjustment

6. Disaster effects can vary by hazard

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Provide a general discussion of the results from different hazards. Use the table and the case studies to develop the discussion. Ask if any participants were present for these disasters and if so, ask for confirming evidence. Review conclusions from pages 6 & 7 of the module.

ECONOMIC LOSSES CAUSED BY RECENT NATURAL DISASTERS OF GEOLOGICAL ORIGIN IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (in millions of 1987 US dollars)

EARTHQUAKES			HURRICANES	FLOODS/DROUGHTS
	Mexico City	Ecuador	David & Frederick	El NiB>
	1985	1987	1979	1982-1983
TOTAL LOSSES	4337	1001	1057	3970
DIRECT LOSSES	3793	186	842	1311
Capital stock	3777	184	506	1060
Inventories	16	2	230	251
Production	0	0	106	0
INDIRECT LOSSES	544	815	215	2659
Production	154	704	185	1284
Services	390	111	30	1375
SECONDARY EFFECTS	4050	794	606	0
Public sector finances	1899	397	303	0
Increased expenditures	2025	55	264	0
Decrease in revenues	(126)	342	39	0
EXTERNAL SECTOR	8579	781	464	621
Reduction of exports	1650	635	167	547
Increase in imports	9075	155	296	74
Disaster-related income	(2146)	(9)	0	0

7. Question

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Ask participants for their personal experience of how different types of hazards have had different effects in countries that they have worked in.

Q. What types of disasters are most likely to affect your country?

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8. Vulnerability can vary based on local economic conditions

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Review the different types of economies and provide examples of differential effects from the module and from your personal experience

· Newly industrializing economies
· Rural/agricultural economies
· Small island economies
· Highly stressed economies

9. Question

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Seek participants' answers and record them on flip charts. Identify those sectors most vulnerable and compare them to the previous discussion.

Q. Which sectors of your country's economy are most likely to be affected by disasters?

10. Summary

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Review the material that has been covered up to this point and reinforce the learning objectives.

· The relationship between disasters and development can be summed up with 4 concepts:

- development can increase vulnerability
- development can reduce vulnerability
- disasters can set back development
- disasters can provide development opportunities

· Disaster effects vary with the hazard type causing the disaster

· Vulnerability varies between different societies and economies

- newly industrializing economies
- rural/agricultural economies
- small island economies
- highly stressed economies

BREAK (10 minutes)
This is a good time to take a break.