B. New chemical processes

55. New pyrolysis techniques for fuel production (Ghana, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea). New pyrolysis techniques using incineration processes have been developed by the Georgia Institute of Technology of the United States. In these processes, biomass residues are convertible into more environmentally acceptable fuels. Biofuels in three forms are produced: char (fuel value 28-31.5 kJ kg ^-1), oil (fuel value 21-23 kJ kg^-1) and gas (fuel value 5.6-7.5 MJ/m^-3). Control can be incorporated to vary the relative yields of these products.

In collaboration with the Ghanaian Building and Road Research Institute in Ghana, an experimental plant has been set up in Kumasi. In Ghana, pyrolitic converters are constructed with local materials. One unit can process six dry tons of sawdust a day and four other units can process 1.5 tons daily. Similar units using rice husks, wood and other wastes have been constructed in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.⁴²

NOTES AND REFERENCES

1. Siyi Lu: The invigoration of traditional technologies through the introduction of new technologies, paper presented at the International Conference on Science and Technology Policy and Research Management, Beijing, October 4-8, 1983.

2. J. Bessant, Staffan Jacobson and Jon Sigurdson (eds.):”The Diffusion of Microelectronics”, in Technology trends and challenges in electronics, Research Policy Institute, Lund, 1953.

3. World of Information: Middle East Review, Essex, England, 1983.

4. A. Wad and M. Radnor: Frontier technologies in African development, paper presented at the Joint Meeting on International Co-operation for African Technological Development, Dakar, Senegal, December, 1983.

5. A. Thorne: “Computers in Agriculture”, in World farming agrimanagement, Vol. 25, No. 5, Intertec Publishing Corporation, Overland Park (near Kansas City), Sept./Oct., 1983.

6. ibid.

7. ibid.

8. Yin Changsheong: “The Abacus in the Calculator Age”, in China Reconstructs, China Welfare Institute, Beijing, June, 1980.

9. UNIDO Microelectronics Monitor, UNIDO, Vienna, April-June 1983.

10. Electronics Weekly, New York, October 13. 1982.

11. Siyi Lu, The invigoration of traditional technologies through the introduction of new technologies, op.cit.

12. Miyaji Ryuji: “Food Robots Are Just Like Professionals”, Shukan Gendai, quoted in Sigeiti Moriguti, “Automation and Robotics in Traditional Trades - Importance of Soft Infrastructures”, in E. von Weizser et al (eds.) “New frontiers in technology application”, Integration of emerging and traditional technologies, Tycooly International, Dublin, 1983.

13. “From Sushi to Shipbuilding: Innovation in Japan’s Robots”, in International Herald Tribune, Paris, July 14, 1983.

14. Case Study on Industrial Robots, in Nikkei Sangyo Shinbun, Tokyo, 1981.

15. Shimoda, Hiroji: “Automation of Wooden Products Industry Proceeds”, Technova Monthly Newsletter, (to be published), quoted in Singerti Moriguti, “Automation and Robotics in Traditional Trades”, in E. von Weizsacker, et al. (eds.), New frontiers in technology application, op.cit.

16. New Scientist, London, September, 2. 1982.

17. Siyi Lu: The invigoration of traditional technologies through the introduction of new technologies, op.cit.

18. Long Term Credit Bank of Japan: Japan’s high technology industries, Tokyo, 1983.

19. “What’s News”, Popular Science, Vol. 223 No. 5, Times Mirror Magazines, New York, August. 1983.

20. Siyi Lu: The invigoration of traditional technologies through the introduction of new technologies, op.cit.

21. Photovoltaic International, Solar Powers Corporation, Woburn, Massachussetts, April/May, 1983

22. J. Ibarra, E.J. Pz, et al: “Las Barrancas Solar Village (Sonntlan Project)”, in Using renewable energy resources in developing countries, report of an international conference sponsored by the German Foundation for International Development Centre for Economic and Social Development, Berlin, June 20 to July 4, 1980.

23. National Academy of Sciences: Supplement: energy for rural development, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1981.

24. H. Rodriguez: “Solar Energy Activities in Colombia”, in Using renewable energy resources in developing countries, op.cit.

25. El Tablani: “Activities of the Ministry of Electricity and Energy: Solar Energy Applications”, in Using renewable energy resources in developing countries, op.cit.

26. J. Ibarra, E.J. Pz, et al.: “Las Barrancas Solar Village (Sonntlan Project)”, in Using renewable energy resources in developing countries, op.cit.

27. National Academy of Sciences, Supplement: energy for rural development, op.cit.

28. S.A. Morain, B. Klankamsom: “Forest Mapping and Inventory Technologies through Visual Analysis of LANDSAT Imagery, Examples from Thailand, in Proceedings of the 12th international symposium on remote sensing of the environment”, Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1978.

29. M.V. Chaudhury, et al.: “A LANDSAT Inventory of Agricultural Resources in Bangladesh”, Proceedings of the 12th international symposium on remote sensing of the environment, op.cit.

30. E.M. El Shuzly. et al.: “Application of LANDSAT Imagery in Geological and Soil Investigation in the Central Western Desert”, in Proceedings of the 12th international symposium on remote sensing of the environment, op.cit.

31. National Academy of Sciences, Remote sensing from space: prospects for developing countries, Washington, DC, 1977.

32. A.N. Singh, S. J. Kristof, and M.F. Baumgardner: Delineating salt affected soils in the Ganges Plain, India, by digital analysis of LANDSAT data, Purdue University Laboratory for the Application of Remote Sensing, West Lafayette, Indiana, 1977.

33. Robert Leblond: Remote sensing and development, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, 1982.

34. Siyi Lu: The invigoration of traditional technologies through the introduction of new technologies, op.cit.

35. Long Term Credit Bank of Japan, Japan’s high technology industries, op.cit.

36. Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG), Appropriate technology, Vol. 7, No. 2, London, September, 1980.

37. One Zimbabwean dollar equals US$1.45 (1980).

38. National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies: Current literature on science of science, Vol. 12, No. 8, New Delhi, 1983.

39. United Nations Development Programme: “Project Briefs”, in Development in action, UNDP Newsletter, No. 2, UNDP, New York, 1983.

40. UNIDO: Production of ethanol from cellulosic materials, UNIDO, Vienna, 1983 (mimeographed).

41. Siyi Lu, The invigoration of traditional technologies through the introduction of new technologies, op.cit.

42. National Academy of Sciences, Supplement: energy for rural development, op.cit.