Guide to Health and Hygiene in Agricultural Work (ILO, 1979, 328 p.): (introduction...)

Guide to Health and Hygiene in Agricultural Work (ILO, 1979, 328 p.)

(introduction...)

Preface

Acknowledgements

1. Living conditions and environmental hygiene

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Housing

(introduction...)

1.2.1. Construction

1.2.2. Physiological principles

1.2.3. Insect pests

1.2.4. Rodents

1.3. Farm buildings

(introduction...)

1.3.1. Grain stores

1.3.2. Farm incinerators

1.3.3. Buildings for livestock

1.3.4. Piggeries

1.3.5. Poultry sheds

1.4. Water supply

1.4.1. Importance

1.4.2. Sources

1.4.3. Treatment

1.4.4. Distribution

1.5. Manure and sewage

1.5.1. Importance

1.5.2. The latrine

1.5.3. Disposal of solid wastes: composting

1.6. Environmental health

(introduction...)

1.6.1. Man-made problems

1.6.2. Plants

1.6.3. Animal life

Insects

Worms

Rodents

Dead animals

1.7. Food sanitation

(introduction...)

1.7.1. Sources of infection

1.7.2. The dairy farm

1.7.3. Milk sanitation

1.8. Other problems of agricultural life

1.8.1. some special problems

1.8.2. Health legislation

1.8.3. Examples of effective health education through community participation

1.8.4. Health services

2. Problems of occupational physiology and ergonomics

2.1. General principles of occupational physiology

(introduction...)

2.1.1. Muscular work

2.1.2. Circulation of the blood and respiration during work

2.1.3. Basal metabolism

2.1.4. Static work

2.1.5. Thermal regulation

2.1.6. Co-ordination of physiological functions

2.1.7. Adaptation to environment

2.1.8. Working capacity

State of health and working capacity

Diet and work

Training

Age and aptitude for work

Curve of physiological work and biological rhythm

2.1.9. Fatigue

2.1.10. Measurement of physical work

Oxygen consumption

Heart rate

2.2. Principles of ergonomics in agriculture

2.2.1. Definition and purpose

2.2.2. Arrangement of the workplace

(introduction...)

Posture of the body

Tempo of work and body size

Alternation of heavy and light work

Precision work and visual effort

Work done while walking

Adaptation of tools to man

Adaptation of machines to physiological capacities

Arrangement of seats

2.2.3. Conditions of mechanised work1

(introduction...)

Physiological aspects of mechanised work

Vibration

Noise

Dust

Exhaust gases

Lighting

2.2.4. Vocational training and health protection

Work and productivity in agriculture

Apprenticeship methods

Systematic apprenticeship and health protection

3. Prevention and management of occupational pesticide poisonings

3.1. Introduction and statement of the problem

3.2. General precautions for the prevention of pesticide poisonings

3.2.1. Storage of pesticide containers

3.2.2. Sanitation in space used for formulation, packaging and loading of application equipment

3.2.3. Worker education

3.2.4. Disposal of used containers

3.2.5. Re-entry of pesticide-treated fields

3.2.6. Cleaning and repair of equipment

3.3. Specific strategies to minimise worker injury by pesticides

3.3.1. Sanitary standards and protective gear

3.3.2. Medical surveillance

3.3.3. Management of poisonings

3.4. Physiology of pesticide absorption and action in man: general measures for management of poisonings

3.5. Toxic properties of specific classes of pesticide, and special precautions to avoid poisoning

3.5.1. The large molecular organochlorine insecticides

3.5.2. The cholinesterase-inhibiting organophosphate pesticides

3.5.3. The cholinesterase-inhibiting carbamate insecticides

3.5.4. The nitrophenolic herbicides

3.5.5. Pentachlorophenol

3.5.6. Chlorophenoxy compounds

3.5.7. Dipyridyl compounds (paraquat, diquat, morfamquat

3.5.8. Dimethyldithiocarbamate fungicides

3.5.9. Urea-, uracil- and triazine-based herbicides

3.5.10. Liquid and gas fumigants

3.5.11. Arsenicals

3.5.12. Acetanilide-, acetamide-, carbanilate- and anilide-based herbicides

3.5.13. Anticoagulant rodenticides

3.6. Other chemical substances in agriculture

3.6.1. Mineral fertilisers

(introduction...)

Nitrogenous fertilisers

Phosphatic fertilisers

3.6.2. Toxic properties of the salts of phosphoric acid and of commercial products containing them

(introduction...)

Basic slag

3.6.3. Calcium cyanamide

3.6.4. Fuels, lubricating oils and products of the incomplete combustion of fuel

3.6.5. Products of the incomplete combustion of fuel in motor engines

(introduction...)

Carbon monoxide

4. Occupational diseases in agriculture

4.1. Diseases due to climate

(introduction...)

4.1.1. Hot climates

(introduction...)

Heat cramps

Anhydrotic exhaustion due to heat

Dermatoses caused by heat

Heat exhaustion

Heat stroke

Sunburn

4.1.2. Cold climates

(introduction...)

General disorders due to cold

Local disorders

Chilblains

Frostbite

4.2. Commonest lung diseases due to vegetable dusts

4.2.1. Byssinosis

4.2.2. Bagassosis

4.2.3. Farmer's lung

4.3. Dermatosis due to contact with plants

(introduction...)

4.3.1. Irritant dermatitis of plants

4.3.2. Eczematous contact dermatitis

4.3.3. Phytophoto dermatitis (dermatitis bullosa striata pratensis)

4.3.4. Diagnosis

4.3.5. Prognosis

4.3.6. Prevention

4.3.7. Treatment

4.4. Pathology due to snake bites and insect, spider and scorpion stings

4.4.1. Snake bites

4.4.2. Insect stings

4.4.3. Spider bites

4.4.4. Scorpion stings

5. Diseases particularly related to agricultural work: Zoonoses, infectious and parasitic diseases

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Viral and rickettsial diseases

5.2.1. Classification and geographical distribution of diseases caused by Russian tick-borne complex

5.2.2. Q fever

5.3. Bacterial diseases

5.3.1. Anthrax

5.3.2. Brucellosis

5.3.3. Leptospirosis

5.3.4. Tetanus

5.3.5. Tuberculosis as an occupational health problem in agriculture

5.3.6. Tularaemia

5.3.7. Glanders

5.3.8. Melioidosis

5.3.9. Erysipeloid

5.4. Parasitic diseases

5.4.1. Ancylostomiasis

5.4.2. Schistosomiasis

5.4.3. Leishmaniasis

5.4.4. Contagious ecthyma (orf)

5.4.5. Milkers' nodules

5.4.6. Psittacosis

5.5. Other infectious diseases affecting agricultural workers

(introduction...)

5.5.1. Rabies

5.5.2. Viral encephalomyelitis

5.5.3. Yellow fever

5.5.4. Dengue

5.5.5. Rocky Mountain spotted fever

5.5.6. Scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi fever)

5.5.7. Plague

5.5.8. Dermatoses

5.5.9. Actinomycosis

5.5.10. Echinococcosis (hydatidosis)

5.5.11. Other diseases of potential occupational significance to agricultural workers

6. Organisation of occupational health services and medical inspection of labour in agriculture

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Practical organisation of agricultural health services

(introduction...)

6.2.1. Preliminary investigation

6.2.2. Implementation

6.3. Medical inspection of agricultural work1

6.4. Problems of education and training in occupational health and hygiene in agriculture

(introduction...)

6.4.1. Education

6.4.2. Training

6.4.3. How to train

6.4.4. Where to train

6.4.5. Provision of training

6.5. Organisation of first aid

(introduction...)

6.5.1. First-aid training

6.5.2. The treatment centre

6.5.3. Poisoning prevention centres

Guide to further reading

Some other ILO publications on occupational safety and health

Back cover

(introduction...)

International Labour Office Geneva

Figure

Photo (front cover): FAO, Rome

Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorisation, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to the Editorial and Translation Branch, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications.

ISBN 92-2-101974-8
First published 1979

The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them.

ILO publications can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. A catalogue or list of new publications will be sent free of charge from the above address.

Printed by Egyetemi Nyomda, Budapest (Hungary)

The International Programme for the Improvement of Working Conditions and Environment (PIACT) was launched by the International Labour Organisation in 1976 at the request of the International Labour Conference and after extensive consultations with member States. PIACT is designed to promote or support action by member States to set and attain definite objectives aiming at "making work more human" The Programme is thus concerned with improving the quality of working life in all its aspects: for example, the prevention of occupational accidents and diseases, a wider application of the principles of ergonomics, the improvement of the content and organisation of work and of conditions of work in general, a greater concern for the human element in the transfer of technology. To achieve these aims, PIACT makes use of and co-ordinates the traditional means of ILO action, including:

- the preparation and revision of international labour standards;
- tripartite meetings between representatives of governments, employers and workers, including industrial committees to study the problems facing major industries, regional meetings and meetings of experts;
- action-oriented studies and research;
- clearing-house activities, especially through the International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre (CIS); and
- operational activities, including the despatch of multidisciplinary teams to assist member States on request.

This publication is the outcome of a PIACT project.