Guide to Health and Hygiene in Agricultural Work (ILO, 1979, 328 p.): 6. Organisation of occupational health services and medical inspection of labour in agriculture: 6.4. Problems of education and training in occupational health and hygiene in agriculture: 6.4.4. Where to train

Guide to Health and Hygiene in Agricultural Work (ILO, 1979, 328 p.)

(introduction...)

Preface

Acknowledgements

1. Living conditions and environmental hygiene

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Housing

(introduction...)

1.2.1. Construction

1.2.2. Physiological principles

1.2.3. Insect pests

1.2.4. Rodents

1.3. Farm buildings

(introduction...)

1.3.1. Grain stores

1.3.2. Farm incinerators

1.3.3. Buildings for livestock

1.3.4. Piggeries

1.3.5. Poultry sheds

1.4. Water supply

1.4.1. Importance

1.4.2. Sources

1.4.3. Treatment

1.4.4. Distribution

1.5. Manure and sewage

1.5.1. Importance

1.5.2. The latrine

1.5.3. Disposal of solid wastes: composting

1.6. Environmental health

(introduction...)

1.6.1. Man-made problems

1.6.2. Plants

1.6.3. Animal life

Insects

Worms

Rodents

Dead animals

1.7. Food sanitation

(introduction...)

1.7.1. Sources of infection

1.7.2. The dairy farm

1.7.3. Milk sanitation

1.8. Other problems of agricultural life

1.8.1. some special problems

1.8.2. Health legislation

1.8.3. Examples of effective health education through community participation

1.8.4. Health services

2. Problems of occupational physiology and ergonomics

2.1. General principles of occupational physiology

(introduction...)

2.1.1. Muscular work

2.1.2. Circulation of the blood and respiration during work

2.1.3. Basal metabolism

2.1.4. Static work

2.1.5. Thermal regulation

2.1.6. Co-ordination of physiological functions

2.1.7. Adaptation to environment

2.1.8. Working capacity

State of health and working capacity

Diet and work

Training

Age and aptitude for work

Curve of physiological work and biological rhythm

2.1.9. Fatigue

2.1.10. Measurement of physical work

Oxygen consumption

Heart rate

2.2. Principles of ergonomics in agriculture

2.2.1. Definition and purpose

2.2.2. Arrangement of the workplace

(introduction...)

Posture of the body

Tempo of work and body size

Alternation of heavy and light work

Precision work and visual effort

Work done while walking

Adaptation of tools to man

Adaptation of machines to physiological capacities

Arrangement of seats

2.2.3. Conditions of mechanised work1

(introduction...)

Physiological aspects of mechanised work

Vibration

Noise

Dust

Exhaust gases

Lighting

2.2.4. Vocational training and health protection

Work and productivity in agriculture

Apprenticeship methods

Systematic apprenticeship and health protection

3. Prevention and management of occupational pesticide poisonings

3.1. Introduction and statement of the problem

3.2. General precautions for the prevention of pesticide poisonings

3.2.1. Storage of pesticide containers

3.2.2. Sanitation in space used for formulation, packaging and loading of application equipment

3.2.3. Worker education

3.2.4. Disposal of used containers

3.2.5. Re-entry of pesticide-treated fields

3.2.6. Cleaning and repair of equipment

3.3. Specific strategies to minimise worker injury by pesticides

3.3.1. Sanitary standards and protective gear

3.3.2. Medical surveillance

3.3.3. Management of poisonings

3.4. Physiology of pesticide absorption and action in man: general measures for management of poisonings

3.5. Toxic properties of specific classes of pesticide, and special precautions to avoid poisoning

3.5.1. The large molecular organochlorine insecticides

3.5.2. The cholinesterase-inhibiting organophosphate pesticides

3.5.3. The cholinesterase-inhibiting carbamate insecticides

3.5.4. The nitrophenolic herbicides

3.5.5. Pentachlorophenol

3.5.6. Chlorophenoxy compounds

3.5.7. Dipyridyl compounds (paraquat, diquat, morfamquat

3.5.8. Dimethyldithiocarbamate fungicides

3.5.9. Urea-, uracil- and triazine-based herbicides

3.5.10. Liquid and gas fumigants

3.5.11. Arsenicals

3.5.12. Acetanilide-, acetamide-, carbanilate- and anilide-based herbicides

3.5.13. Anticoagulant rodenticides

3.6. Other chemical substances in agriculture

3.6.1. Mineral fertilisers

(introduction...)

Nitrogenous fertilisers

Phosphatic fertilisers

3.6.2. Toxic properties of the salts of phosphoric acid and of commercial products containing them

(introduction...)

Basic slag

3.6.3. Calcium cyanamide

3.6.4. Fuels, lubricating oils and products of the incomplete combustion of fuel

3.6.5. Products of the incomplete combustion of fuel in motor engines

(introduction...)

Carbon monoxide

4. Occupational diseases in agriculture

4.1. Diseases due to climate

(introduction...)

4.1.1. Hot climates

(introduction...)

Heat cramps

Anhydrotic exhaustion due to heat

Dermatoses caused by heat

Heat exhaustion

Heat stroke

Sunburn

4.1.2. Cold climates

(introduction...)

General disorders due to cold

Local disorders

Chilblains

Frostbite

4.2. Commonest lung diseases due to vegetable dusts

4.2.1. Byssinosis

4.2.2. Bagassosis

4.2.3. Farmer's lung

4.3. Dermatosis due to contact with plants

(introduction...)

4.3.1. Irritant dermatitis of plants

4.3.2. Eczematous contact dermatitis

4.3.3. Phytophoto dermatitis (dermatitis bullosa striata pratensis)

4.3.4. Diagnosis

4.3.5. Prognosis

4.3.6. Prevention

4.3.7. Treatment

4.4. Pathology due to snake bites and insect, spider and scorpion stings

4.4.1. Snake bites

4.4.2. Insect stings

4.4.3. Spider bites

4.4.4. Scorpion stings

5. Diseases particularly related to agricultural work: Zoonoses, infectious and parasitic diseases

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Viral and rickettsial diseases

5.2.1. Classification and geographical distribution of diseases caused by Russian tick-borne complex

5.2.2. Q fever

5.3. Bacterial diseases

5.3.1. Anthrax

5.3.2. Brucellosis

5.3.3. Leptospirosis

5.3.4. Tetanus

5.3.5. Tuberculosis as an occupational health problem in agriculture

5.3.6. Tularaemia

5.3.7. Glanders

5.3.8. Melioidosis

5.3.9. Erysipeloid

5.4. Parasitic diseases

5.4.1. Ancylostomiasis

5.4.2. Schistosomiasis

5.4.3. Leishmaniasis

5.4.4. Contagious ecthyma (orf)

5.4.5. Milkers' nodules

5.4.6. Psittacosis

5.5. Other infectious diseases affecting agricultural workers

(introduction...)

5.5.1. Rabies

5.5.2. Viral encephalomyelitis

5.5.3. Yellow fever

5.5.4. Dengue

5.5.5. Rocky Mountain spotted fever

5.5.6. Scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi fever)

5.5.7. Plague

5.5.8. Dermatoses

5.5.9. Actinomycosis

5.5.10. Echinococcosis (hydatidosis)

5.5.11. Other diseases of potential occupational significance to agricultural workers

6. Organisation of occupational health services and medical inspection of labour in agriculture

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Practical organisation of agricultural health services

(introduction...)

6.2.1. Preliminary investigation

6.2.2. Implementation

6.3. Medical inspection of agricultural work1

6.4. Problems of education and training in occupational health and hygiene in agriculture

(introduction...)

6.4.1. Education

6.4.2. Training

6.4.3. How to train

6.4.4. Where to train

6.4.5. Provision of training

6.5. Organisation of first aid

(introduction...)

6.5.1. First-aid training

6.5.2. The treatment centre

6.5.3. Poisoning prevention centres

Guide to further reading

Some other ILO publications on occupational safety and health

Back cover

6.4.4. Where to train

Courses in agricultural medicine, both for health officials and for agricultural officials, should feature in the curricula of educational establishments. However, because of the almost complete lack of such courses in these establishments at present, some post-university or recurrent education or training should be provided.

Education is apt to become sterile if it is not activated with the catalyst of practical experience. Congresses are a valuable means of educational regeneration. They should be organised at the regional, national and international levels. They may be confined to a single subject or cover a number of subjects. Everyone who might be interested (and not merely doctors) should participate. The expression of opposing points of view often leads to fruitful exchanges of information and the clarification of obscure ideas, or to the initiation of research and investigation into hitherto unexplored areas. Comparisons between regional and national experience are equally beneficial.